Monthly Archives: April 2023

, Hazardous Fire and Protection of the Connect Electrical Equipment and Appliances.

  

  

  Related Post: How to find the suitable size of cable & wire?

Circuit breaker is needed for smooth operation.

  

  Related Post: Difference Between MCB, MCCB, ELCB & RCB, RCD or RCCB CIRCUIT BREAKERS

A Circuit Breaker (CB) is a Control and Protection Device Which:

  Control (Make or Break) A Circuit Manually or by Remote Control Under NORMAL and FAULT CONDITIONS.

Break A Circuit Automatical Under Fault Conditions (Like Over Current, Short Circuit, ETC).

A Circuit Breaker is using for switching mechanism and propection of the system

  Earthing & GROUNDING ETC.

  Related Post: Main Difference Between Fuse and Circuit Breaker

How doEes a Circuit Breaker Work?

Automatically trip I.E. BREAK The Circuit from the main support.

  The connected device.

  Circuit Breaker According to the Device I.E. CB CURRENT ShULD Not Be Lower NOR HIGHEST But 125% of Circuit’s Current.

  Related Posts:

  MCB (Miniature Circuit Breaker) – Types, Construction, Working & Applications

Air Circuit Breaker (ACB) – Types, Construction, Operation & Applications

The following circuit breaker size class show the difference in % to the load, voltage level in different countries and exact size of breaker in amperses.

  CALCULATE

Voltage

Breaker

Power usage

  Difference:

Related Calculators:

  Wire & Cable Size Calculator in AWG

Electrical Wire & Cable Size Calculator (Copper & Aluminum)

To determine the appropriat size of circuit breaker for single phase support, it depends on multiple factors like type of load, Cable Material and Environment Temperature Etc.

  

  Example 1:

  Support, a 12 gauge wire is used for 20 amperting circuit having 120V Single Phase Supply. What is the best size of circuit breaker for that 20 a circuit?

  Solution:

  Circuit Current: 12A

  Circuit breaker size 😕

  CB SIZE Should BE 125% of the Circuit Current.

  = 125% x 20A

  = 1.25 x 20A

  Circuit Breaker Size = 25A

  Related Posts:

  How to size a load center, Panelboards and distribution building?

How to determine the number of circuit breakers in a Panel Board?

How To Determine the Right Size Capacity of a Subpanel?

Example 2:

  What is the appropriant size of circuit breaker for 2000w, single phase 120V SUPPLY?

  Solution:

  Load: 2000W

Voltage: 120V (Single Phase)

Circuit Current:

  According to the ohm ’s law,

  I = p / v

I = 2000W / 120V

I = 16.66 A.

Circuit breaker size:

  Simply, Multiply 1.2 or 1.25 to the loadurrent.

  1.2 x 16.66 A

  Circuit Breaker Size = 20 A

  Example 3:

  What is the suitable size of circuit breaker for 230V, 1840kw load single phase circuit?

  Solution:

  Current = Power / Voltage

I = 1840W / 230V

I = 8A

The Minimum Rating of Circuit Breaker Should Be 8A.

  The Recomnded Size of Circuit Breaker Should

  = 8A x 1.25

  = 10

  Related Post: Smart Wifi Circuit Breaker -Construction, Installation and Working

Formula.

  Good to know: for the same load, the breaker size in the three phase is less than the breaker size in Single Phase acrcuits.

  Lets Find The Correct Size of Circuit Breaker for Three Phase Circuits As Follow.

  Example 1: Which Size Circuit Breaker is Needed for 6.5kW, Three Phase 480V Load?

  Solution:

  Power in Three Phase: P = V x i X √3

  Current: p / v x √3

  I = 6.5kW / (480V x 1.732) … (√3 = 1.732)

I = 6.5kW / 831.36

I = 7.82A

The Recomnded Size of Circuit Breaker is

  1.25 x 7.82a = 9.77a

  The next closest Standard of Circuit Breaker is 10A.

  Example 2: Find The Appropriate Size of CB for 3-PHASE 415V, 17kw Load?

  Solution:

  Current = Power / (VOLTAGE X √3)

I = 17000W / (415V x 1.732)

I = 23.65a

Recomgended Size of Circuit Breaker: 1.25 x 23.65a = 29.5A. The next closest value is 30A.

  Relands

This is becape all loads are not same i.e loads are simultaneous (Continuous) who Other are non-simultaneous..

  In case of concentious loads for Three or more hours, the load current should not exceed, 80% of the rated Circuit Breaker and OCPD.

  The 80% of a 30A Circuit Breaker is 24A. This Way, a 30A Circuit can be safly use for 24A Circuit.

  In Other Words, a load circuit having 24a, The Appropriatian of Breaker Would Be:

  24A / 0.8 = 30A.

  Example 1: CB SIZE for 30A NON-Contentious Load

  An Exact 100% Rated for 30A Circuit Breaker Can Be used for 30A Non-Continuous Load.

Example 2: CB SIZE for 28A Contentious Load

  In case of control, rate of %125 is applicable.

1.25 x 28 A = 35A

Example 3: CB SIZE for 30A Non-CONTENTIOUS LOAD & 28A Contentious Load

  = 125% Continuous Load + 100% Non-Continuous Load

= (1.25 x 28A) + (30A)

= 75A

Related Post: Difference Between Relay and Circuit Breaker

  An Over Sized Breaker used for Protection Can Damage the Water Heater Orter Connect Appliances event to the Fire Due to Overheat.

An Undersized Breaker or Same Rating with Load Current Breaker Can Trip and Reset the Circuit Again and Again. Use the correct size breaker.

A Single Phase Circuit Breaker Can n’t be using for the use for the child support.

A 3-POLES CIRCUIT BREAKER Can Be Uset on 3-PHASE SYSTEM USING EITHER 2 or 3 POLES.

A 3-POLES CIRCUIT BREAKER Can Be Uset on 1-PHASE SYSTEM only and only if indicoted by the markings or insanr manual.

30A Breaker and 10 Gauge Wire Can Be used 240V AC Supply.

Breaker Cannot Be Larger than ampages of wire except for some loads like more loads.

In Addition, a Circuit Breaker Rated for:

  120V Can only be used for 120V.

240V Can be used for 120V, 240V But Not for 277V (Commercial Applications)

120-277 Can be used for 120V, 240V and 277v.

120V Can n’t be used on 240V Circuit and Vice Versa.

15A, 120V Can n’t be used on 20A, 120V Circuit.

Related Post: How to find Voltage & AMPERE RATING of Switch, Plug, Outlet & Receptacle

  Breaker size for different types of load currents.

  Load type

MAXIMUM CIRCUIT BREAKER SIZE % of Current

Resistive loads, heat, stoves, toasters, Water Heater ETC.

125%

Lighting loads

125%

430-152 Motors Hermetical SEALED*, Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps

175%

Welders

200%

MCP BREAKERS for Motors

125% or Next Larger Size

* Motors Except Hermetical SEALED 00-250% NEC

  The following two charts shows the Suitable Circuit Breaker Sizes with Wire Gauge and Different level of voltages.

  Related Posts:

  American Wire Gauge "AWG" Chart -Wire Size & AMPACITY Table

How To read mcb nameplate data rate

How to wire a single element water heater and thermostat?

How ACB BREAKER to Find the size of Earth Conductor, Earthing Lead & Earth Electrodes?

How to find the value of burnt Resistor (by Four Handy Methods)

Resistor COLOR CODE CALCULATOR – 3, 4, 5 & 6 Band Resistors Calculation

Circuit Breaker, Foot and Protection Symbols

How To WIRE 120V & 240V Main Panel? Breaker Box Installation

How to wire a subpanel? Main Lug Installation for 120V/240V

How to wire single-pHASE, 230V consumer unit with RCD? IEC, uk & eu

How To WIRE A Garage Consumer Unit?

Single Phase Electrical Wiring Installation in ACB BREAKER Home – NEC & IEC

Three Phase Electrical Wiring Installation in Home – NEC & IEC

The 5th Chengdu International Auto Parts and After-sales Service Exhibition (CAPAS) will be grandly opened in Chengdu Century City New International Convention and Exhibition Center from May 24 to 26, 2018. Based on the southwest market, CAPAS has become a leading one-stop business, communication and investment platform in southwest China. The exhibition scale is expected to be 45,000 square meters in 2018, which will attract about 580 exhibitors and 20,000 professional visitors. WIX FILTER, an American subsidiary of Manhummel Group, will be unveiled at CAPAS again after its successful debut last year!

  

  Vexcor filter was established in Gastonia, North Carolina, USA in 1939, with a history of nearly 80 years. Since it was developed in 1954, Vexcor has been committed to the research and development and innovation of filtration technology. It is reported that in this exhibition in Chengdu, in addition to filter experts continuing to explain the brand advantages and high-quality performance of Vexcor filter, WIX will also present its star product "XP Long-term Oil Filter". Vexcor XP long-acting oil filter can easily cope with the harsh use environment of vehicles because of its high-quality material selection, exquisite technology, repeated tests and multiple experiments. Whether the vehicle is driving under heavy load, climbing a mountain at low speed, driving at high idle speed in the city or in extreme cold environment, vexcor XP can escort the car. Because of this excellent performance, the long-acting oil filter of vexcor XP is very popular in Europe and America!

  With the great development of the western economy, the southwest market with Chengdu as the core has become the focus of the industry. WIX FILTER has initially completed its layout in the southwest area through its previous appearance in CAPAS. In order to better promote the Wix filter and better serve the local market, Wix filter will be unveiled at this year’s CAPAS in 2018. We look forward to your visit! Time: May 24-May 26, 2018 Venue: Chengdu Century City International Convention and Exhibition Center Booth: Hall 2-Booth -2A12

Error code

  

  Illustrate

  Trigger Reason

  Solution

  Disch

  Screen Blank

  1. Check WHETHER the Battery Circuit Breaker, PV Circuit Breaker, and AC in Circuit Breaker Are Closed?

  2. WHETHER the SWITCH is in the "on" state;

  3. Press Any Button on the Screen to exit the screen sleep mode.

  4. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【01】

  Battery UnderVoltage Protection

  (Software Protection)

  1. Check the battlery type, when it corresponds to the battle set by the machine. (Parameter: ITEM 08).

  2. Check WHETHER the Actual Voltage Value of the Battery is Lower than the setting value of 14 Parameters.

  If the voltage is low, the 14th parameter value, please charge the battle, and when the battery voltage is giveer than the 14th parameter value

  3. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【02】

  Battery Average Discharge Current Overcurrent (Software Detection)

  There are two ways to eliminate the 02 fault:

  1. Manual reset: Power Off And RESTART The Machine.

  (BeFore Restarting, Please Disconnect The Mains, Photovoltaic Input, And Load, and only use battered power))

  2. Automatic Reset: Within 10 Minutes, The Battery Discharge Current is Lower than 118a.

  (That is, Reduce the load and charge the battlela. Confirm the battle voltage. Generally, The Battery Voltage is too low in the range of 5K/118a = 42.37)

  3. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【03】

  Battery Missing Warning

  1. Check WHether The Battery is connected normal?

  2. Check WHETHER the Ship Type Switch is not turned on (on -wepen)

  3. The Lithium Battery May be in a Protected state. Set the 08 Parameter to the Lithium Battery Mode, Connect to the Photovoltaic Panel or MAINS, and CHARGE to action the battle.

  

  5. Power Off And Restart the Machine.

  6. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【04】

  Battery Over-Discharge Protection

  (Software Protection)

  1. Measure the actual voltage of the battery or check the display screen of the machine to dispay the actual voltage of the battery, the whise is slow the 12 Parameter Values:

  1.1. Please Continue to Charge the Battery. After the Battery Voltage Is Higher than the 35 Parameter Values, The Fault Will Be Automatic Eliminated.

  1.2. If the battery voltage is higher than the 35 parameter values after charging, and the fault is not eliminated, please power off and restart the machine.

  2. Measure the actual voltage of the battery or check the display screen of the machine to dispay the activity voltage of the battery, the whise is higher than the 12 Parameter Values:

  2.1. Please Continue to Charge the Battery. After the Battery Voltage Is Higher than the 35 Parameter Values, The Fault Will Be Automatic Eliminated.

  2.2. If the battery voltage is higher than the 35 parameter values after charging, and the fault is not eliminated, please power off and restart the machine.

  2.3. Manual Reset: Power Off And RESTART The Machine.

  3. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【05】

  Battery OverCurrential Protection

  (Hardware Detection)

  1. Power Off And Restart the Machine.

  ;

  

  

  3. After restArting the Machine with only the battery, if the fault 05 is constinuously triggegered and cannot be reset with 3 minutes, there is a proplem impity, the mason.

  4. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【06】

  Battery Overvoltage Protection

  1. Disconnect the PV and MAINS POWER, RESTART The Machine,

  

  3. Check When the Voltage On the Machine Display is Consistent with the Actual Battery Voltage. If the displayed voltage is inconsisisisisisisisisisisis, the action values, all

  4. Check WHether The Battery input Voltage Is within the Range of the Machine. If it is not without, disconnect the input and connect to the battle

  5. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【07】

  Internal battery Battery Battery Battle

  【08】

  Internal battlery,

  【09】

  PV Input Overvoltage

  1. Use a Multimeter to check the PV Input Voltage, WHETHER It Exceeeds or is very close to the allowable input voltage of the machine?

  If Yes, Please Reduce the Number of PV Modules Connected in Series so that the pv matches the input voltage of the machine.

  2. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【10】

  PV Charging Overcurrent Software Protection

  【11】

  PV Charging Overcurrent Hardware Protection

  【12】

  Master-SLAVE CHIP SPI Communication Failure

  【13】

  Bypass Overload (Software Detection)

  【14】

  Inverter Overload (Software Detection)

  【15】

  Inverter Overcurrent (Hardware Detection)

  1. Automatic Reset: Automatic Reset with 5 Minutes;

  2. Manual reset: Reduce the load power, power off and restart the machine. (After connefirming that the machine displays an off screen, start the machine)

  3. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【16】

  Slave Chip Request Shutdown Fault

  1. Power Off And Restart the Machine.

  2. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【17】

  Inverter Short Circuit Protection

  1. Carefully Check the load connection and clear the short-circuit faces;

  2. Disconnect all wires from the machine, and only connected the battery to the machine.

  3. Power Off And Restart the Machine.

  4. If it is used in paradlel with the machine, please check when 31 Parameters are setting correctly.

  5. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【18】

  Bus soft start fault

  1. Power Off And Restart the Machine.

  2. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【19】

  PV SIDE RADIATOR OVER-Temperature Protection

  (Software Detection)

  【20】

  Inverter Radiator Over-Temperature Protection

  (Software Detection)

  【twenty one】

  FAN FAILURE (Hardware Detection)

  1. After shutting down, turn on the fanually to check when theReign matter blocking.

  2. Remove the Lower Cover and Manually Toggle The Fan to See If the Cooling Fan is Blocked by Paper Jam in the Air Duct.

  3. Check WHETHER the FAN WIRING IS Connected Properly "EUROPEAN Standard Has 2 Fans, American Standard Has 3

  4. Replace the fan to rule out ofTher the Fan is damaged.

  5. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【twenty three】

  Model error

  1. Contract us for Direct Remote Control (Prepare Computer, Install Host Computer Software, USB2.0 Cable, Install SUNFLOWER Remote Control Software)

  2. Proven A Photo of the nameplate on the size of the machine and record the real-time parameters of the display screen.

  【25】

  Bus short circuit

  Please contact us.

  【26】

  Input Relay Short Circuit

  1. Disconnect the PV, MAINS and LOAD, RESTART The Machine, and Only Connect The Battery; See If the Fault Will Be Eliminated.

  If the fault is eliminated, power on one by one (PV, Mains, load).

  2. If it is triggered again after restarting, please contact the manufacturer

  3. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact our company (rePlace the relay or check the relay).

  【28】

  Mains Input Phase Error

  1. Check The 39 Parameters of the Machine to Determine WHETHER It NEEDS SINGLE-PHASE or Split-PHASE Input and Output?

  2. Single-pHASE input and Output is required: 39 items are set to 0,

  The L1 and L2 Phauses of the Mains input Terminals of the Machine are connected in Parallel to Form the Same Phase.

  3. Phase-seaPalated input and output are required: 39 items are set to 180,

  The Mains Input Terminals L1 and L2 of the Machine Respectively Input The Corresponding Phasees of the Mains.

  4. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【29】

  BUS UnderVoltage Fault

  1. Check When the Battery Voltage is Low,

  2. Manual reset: Power OFF and RESTART The Machine.

  

  2.1. Check WHETHER a Fault is reported. If the fault is eliminated, charge the battery in time to res, the load.

  2.2. If it does not return to normalal, there is a proplem on the boost sitting, please contact our company.

  3. Automatic Reset: Automatical Reset after 5 Minutes;

  4. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【30】

  Alarm When the Battery Capacity Rate is Lower than 10%

  【31】

  Alarm when the battleRery capacity rate is low 5%

  【32】

  Low Battery Shutdown

  【34】

  Parallel Can Communication Failure

  1. Check WHETHER the DB15 Black Communication Line Under The Device is Connected Normally.

  2. WHETHER The Parallel Machine Communication Line is Connected in The Correct Way According to the Manual

  3. After performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact our company.

  【35】

  Parallel Machine ID Setting Error

  1. Check the [30] Setting Parameters of Each Device to See if there are duplicate id addresses.

  2. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【37】

  Parallel Current Sharing Fault

  1. Check WHether The 2P Red and Black Current Equalizing Wires Under The Device Are Not Properly Connected.

  2. IS It Connected in the Correct Way According to the InstRuction Manual

  3. When Single-Phase Paralleling, Check that Each Machine L and l, n and n of accined

  4. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【38】

  Parallel Mode, Battle Voltage Difference Is Large (Software Detection)

  【39】

  In Parallel Mode, The Mains Input Source is Inconsistent

  【40】

  Parallel Mode, Hardware Synchronization Signal Failure

  1. Makes the anput power file is stable.

  2. The Machine is only connected to the batter, and RESTARTS When the Power is Off

  3. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【41】

  Inverter Voltage DC Component is Abnormal (Software Detection)

  1. The Machine is only connected to the battery, and restarts when the power is off

  2. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【42】

  Parallel Program Versions are inconsisistent

  1. Check WHether The Software Version of Each Machine Is Consistent

  2. Record The Real-Time Data Video of the Machine, and the Specific Program can be viewed above.

  3. Contract the manufacturer to assist in upgrading the program for the machine.

  【43】

  Parallel Mode, Parallel Wiring Fault

  1. Determine the required Parallel Mode: SINGLE-PHASE PARALLEL Or Three-Phaser Parallelllll

  2. Adjust The Parameters of Each Machine to [31].

  SIG (Standalone Mode)

  PAL (Single Phase Parallel)

  2p0/2p1/2p2 (TWO-PHASE PARALLEL Operation): (Required for this detaild operation, Please Refer to the solution to 45 faults)

  3p0/3p1/3p2 (Three-Phase Parallel Operation): (Required for this detaild operation, please refer to the solution to 45 faults)

  3. Check WHETHER the DB15 Black Communication Line Under The Device is Connected Normally.

  4. After Performing the Above Operations, if there are still problems, please contact us.

  【44】

  Serial Number Information Error

  1. Power off and restart.

  2. Replace a Machine for Parallel Operation.

  3. Contract the manufferr to assist in Changing the Serial Number of the Machine.

  【45】

  Parallel Mode Setting Error

  (only the host reports failure)

  【57】

  Leakage Current Exceeding Protection

  【58】

  BMS Injection Molded Parts Communication Error

  【59】

  BMS Alarm

  【60】

  BMS BATTERY LOW TEMPERARM

  【61】

  BMS Battery Over Tempeature Alarm

  【62】

  BMS Battery Overcurrent Alarm

  【63】

  BMS Battery UnderVoltage Alarm

  【64】

The English abbreviation of electronic medical record is EHR(Electronic Health Record), which may change in the future.

  

  Judy Faulkner, CEO of Epic, one of the largest providers of electronic medical records in the United States, wants to change the "e" in EHR into "c" and turn EHR into CHR(Comprehensive Health Record).

  Recently, in a meeting with Epic customers, Faulkner said: "Now everything is electronic, and the’ e’ can be discarded. What we have to do now is to break the walls of hospitals or clinics. " She explained that medical services now pay more attention to keeping patients healthy, rather than simply treating diseases. "Then we must also pay attention to factors outside the hospital walls."

  What is CHR?

  For CHR, Faulkner said that Epic is considered from three aspects: first, there is still a lot of information not included in EHR; Second, medical care that is not carried out in the hospital also needs to be included. "We integrate it into CHR, which is the community and social medical part of CHR"; Finally, traditional medical services that need to be carried out in the hospital are also being moved outside the hospital, such as remote health monitoring information.

  Unlike EHR, CHR contains more kinds of data, such as social determinants, including diet, obesity and loneliness. All these factors will have a great influence on personal health.

  Another factor that prompted Epic to make this change is that "other countries are investing more money to solve these social problems, thus improving their people’s health," Faulkner said. "The United States can’t fall behind."

  "If you want to keep patients healthy and profitable, you must have a CHR," Faulkner said. "It will become your central nervous system and an important tool for you to manage institutions and set standards."

  CHR is the common development direction of electronic medical record supplier giants.

  It is worth noting that Epic has not entered an unknown territory by "changing the name" of electronic medical records. In fact, its rivals are already taking corresponding countermeasures. Regarding Faulkner’s move, Kyle Armbrester, chief product officer of Cerner, another electronic medical record supplier, said: She chose the right direction and took a good step.

  Zane Burke, president of Cerner, said: "We have been discussing longitudinal health records, including social determinants and other relevant data within two years." At present, more than 100 users are using Cerner’s population health management platform. These customers and Cerner have developed Healthcare, which can obtain data from various and unrelated information sources outside hospitals and clinics.

  In addition, executives of eClinicalWorks and Athenahealth both said that they are expanding the types of information contained in electronic medical records, although each company’s approach is slightly different.

  Girish Navani, CEO of eClinicalWorks, said: "Electronic medical records are constantly updated technologies, and integrating new technologies will have a far-reaching impact on medical care." According to him, the new version of eClinicalWorks’ electronic medical record, Version 11, includes cloud connection, interoperability, genetic screening of precision medical care, predictable risk model of population health and forms of patient participation including remote service.

  Girish Navani said: "What we need most is a platform to make use of all this information. If the data is just put there and not used, it will not solve the problems of the medical industry. If medical providers want to obtain data, they must have a series of supporting facilities. Let’s do it. "

  Replace EHR with CHR

  Blain Newton, executive vice president of HIMSS Analytics, said that there are naturally many obstacles to creating such a CHR. "Turning EHR into CHR must ensure that the patient’s data is comprehensive, and this challenge will always exist. This kind of data integration lies not only in the integration of information in various electronic medical records, but also in the integration of different information sources. "

  Newton believes that a CHR must be synchronized with the ever-expanding amount of information, which requires more analytical ability than data integration and providing correct information to medical institutions.

  When asked whether Epic would continue to use the word CHR, Faulkner said, "Yes, it will become a new term instead of EHR." Although no supplier has renamed EHR CHR, hospitals should be aware that their suppliers are changing in this direction. "This is the direction of medical development," Burke said. "It’s just that people have just noticed it, but it’s not a question of changing the name."

  1. Healthcare IT News:Epic CEO Judy Faulkner is standing behind switch from EHRs to ‘CHRs’

  2. Healthcare IT News:Epic’s rival EHR vendors say they too are making the ‘CHR’ switch

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If you’re like the majority of the working folks in this country, you commute behind the wheel of a sedan. If you’re like the Motor Trend staff, you want to enjoy the trip. And if there are some roads on your way to and from the office that are particularly fun to run–mountains, canyons, coastline–all the better to own a car that’s rewarding to drive.

  

  Enter the Clutch Players. We selected three sedans from a group that’s by no means exhaustive and whose outward missions are decidedly pedestrian–but whose packaging, styling, and sport-oriented option list offer the passionate commuter a reason to look forward to the slog home. While none of our trio will scare off a BMW M5 , you could just about buy all three of these for the cost of one.

  The new player in this high-stakes game, the Mazda 6, comes from the company that claims to put a little sports car in everything it builds. You’ve seen the other two before–how could you miss them? Over 148,000 Nissan Altimas and 145,000 Volkswagen Jettas were sold last year.

  For this tourney, we requested the manufacturers’ highest output V-6 engines and driver’s footwells with no fewer than three pedals each. It’s a simple formula, really: A front-drive sedan with a minimum 200-horsepower V-6, plus a manual transmission and sporty tires. This way, you still get all the utility of a four-door commuter sedan, only in a more edgy, performance-minded package. The manny tranny aspect is important, too: As sequentially controlled automatics are becoming more prevalent, and as marketing types try to convince us these automobiles are all "race inspired," we commend manufacturers who still specify, develop, and certify honest-to-clutch stick-shift transmissions for those of us who feel performance driving is most satisfying when both hands and feet come into play.

  2003 Mazda 6s

  Replacing both the Millenia and 626 sedans in Mazda’s ’03 lineup, the 6 is a clean-sheet design inside and out. The base 2.3-liter/160-horsepower four-cylinder model ($18,500) is called the 6i, while the 220-horsepower V-6, dubbed 6s, comes in at $21,100. Both Mazda engines are new to the U.S. market, although the V-6 is adapted from Ford’s 3.0-liter Duratec. Mazda’s variable-length induction runners, variable intake-valve heads, roller-finger cam followers with hydraulic tappets, and magnesium valve covers make its version of this V-6 more flexible, more powerful, and quicker revving. Better still, the Mazda V-6 is tuned to run on regular-grade gasoline and even has a reedy, snarling texture that relates well to the aggressive sport-package look of the car.

  Equipped as ours was, with optional Bose 200-watt audio, Sport/Comfort/Leather/ Moonroof packages, plus side airbags and head curtain, the Mazda 6s price came to only $25,885. Settling into the driver’s seat, you’ll immediately notice the Mazda’s sporty intentions. The perforated-leather seats (including matching leather-wrapped steering wheel and shift kno b) are of a quality not often found in this mid-priced class. The seats are heated up front, well-contoured, and supportive, and the matching 60/40-split fold-down rears offer as much legroom as do the outwardly larger Altima’s and much more than the compact Jetta’s.

  The 3.0-liter/220-horsepower… read full captionStylistically, the Mazda 6s goes a half step beyond what’s expected of a typical midsize sedan. The interior’s alumi-tone finish and faux carbon fiber may seem somew hat forced, but perhaps because of the thoughtful ergonomics, it’s less objectionable than similar treatments in other cars costing more. And, while many manufacturers have felt it necessary to reinvent the operation of simple tasks, such as adjusting the climate controls or radio, Mazda wisely left our ingrained thought processes intact and simply styled (not redesigned) the functionality of the interior. Let’s hear it for knobs where you’d expect to find knobs. The soft textures and surface coverings are unusually goo d and would be at home in any aspirational European sedan. Overall, the cabin of the Mazda 6s is highly functional, tasteful, and slightly more high-end than the other two in this test.

  The Mazda draws plenty of attention from fellow commuters, too. We like this car’s Porsche-look 17-inch wheels and Michelin all-season tires, expressively chiseled hoodline, and slim-profile multi-element head- and taillamps. The Mazda casts a sporty profile with its strong, angular beltline, low skirting, and new interpretation of its trademark chevron grille. Most of us agree, however, we’d like to see the car’s chrome "milk mustache" in body color. Dual exhaust tips give the appropriate impression that there’s more than a hard-working four-cylinder engine at play here. Even the ubiq uitous rear-deck spoiler is well-integrated and appears more than an aftermarket afterthought.

  The Mazda’s shifter is quick and accurate, although the linkage could stand to be a bit firmer. The moderate-effort clutch engagement is easily predictable, and, combined with the five-speed transmission, the driveline is flexible enough to cruise comfortably around town or to hustle through your favorite canyon pass. Pedal spacing plus a tilt/ telescope steering wheel are ideal (as in all three sedans). There are also plenty of places to stow cell-phones, maps, snacks, and drinks.

  We all agree the 6 has the most well-balanced, confidence-inspiring chassis–especially for navigating the canyons–of our group. It neither understeers nor oversteers when pushed to the limit, and its tires never scream "mercy!" While it may lack the brutish punch of the Altima, it more than makes up for it with quick reflexes and sure-footedness. Everything works together in harmony: the supportive seats, good driving position, broad gear ratios, quick steering, and unfailing brakes.

  We had a suspicion the Mazda 6 would be up to the task at the test track–and it was. The V-6 Mazda ran a 6.67-second 0-60 time with only a mild case o f front-wheel hop. We just barely noticed the variable-valve timing and negligible torque steer kicking in somewhere in the upper-rev range when the qu arter mile flew past in 15.13 seconds at over 94 mph. Standing on the brake pedal at 60 mph produced an impressively short 121-foot stop that grew only slightly after the fourth or fifth attempt. In the 600-foot slalom, a 63.9-mph pass puts it at the top of this test, as well as near the top of the sedan segment. While it may have taken Mazda too long to get here, the new 6 surely has the athleticism to compete in the big leagues.

  2003 Nissan Altima 3.5 SE

  Nissan’s Altima was replaced in ’02 with the substantially larger car you see here, and the company was rewarded handsomely with a huge jump in sales. For ’03, Nissan has grouped several option choices and made a new one particularly irresistible: 245 horses–if you order the 3.5-liter V-6. There was a time w hen 245 horsepower would’ve been an admirable V-8 output, and, by now, you’re probably aware Nissan’s VQ engine architecture is shared by many Nissan/Infiniti products, including the 287-horsepower 350Z. The Altima’s standard engine is a 175-horsepower four, and either one is available with a manual or automatic transmission.

  Our five-speed manual Altima 3.5 SE was equipped with the $3899 Leather Sport package, which features Bose audio, moonroof, leather seating (heated in front), rear-deck spoiler, and Xenon headlamps. Additionally, the $799 ABS/Airbag package ups the supplemental restraint count to six and includes, obviously, antilock brakes. Ordering a V-6 automatically nets 17-inch Bridgestone all-season tires on six-spoke alloys. The grand total came to a test-topping $27,877, but that large pricetag does get you a large car for the money: Five more horsepower than last year, big seats (although not that supportive or well-finished), a giant trunk, (again, not well trimmed), and a 20-gallon fuel tank (to offset its poorest-of-the-test highway mileage). Of these three, the Altima is the most sizeable car in nearly every dimension but weight.

  Don’t you suppose foil-adorned… read full captionThe Altima’s exterior styling is less daring than the Mazda’s, but equally contemporary. Slab-sided and unadorned by comparison, the clean lines are more mature than, but not quite as enticing as, the Mazda’s. Our biggest gripe with the exterior? Foil-adorned taillamps are so last-millennium, aren’t they? Upon closing the feather-light door, you’ll notice a rather hollow-sounding thud inside the Altima. Place your fingertips on just about any interior surface or switch, and you’ll discover an equally unsubstantial, hard-plastic feeling throughout. We’ve seen better leather on much less-expensive vehicles, and the shift boot detached from its surround on the first day of testing (as it had on our ’02 long-term-tester). Also, the driver’s door seal came loose, and the lackluster paint job isn’t consistent from fender to bumper, showing orange peel in several places. We now know where the weight and cost were trimmed out, but surface quality is not its selling point: Style, size, and swiftness are.

  Carving through cherry pickers in traffic is child’s play in the Altima. With this much power just a toe-tap away, there are few, if any, commuters who are prepared for this car’s fast-break. It merges onto freeways with ease, quickly and invisibly finding a place in line. However, in the Altima, responses to driver input are over-boosted and lack feedback. The brake pedal offers no sense of how much grip the tires have left. Moreover, the steering gets especially light when weight is transferred either side-to-side or rearward. The long-throw shifter is certainly the worst feeling of these three, and we can’t think of one that’s possibly more vague, lumpy, or poorly executed–even in bargain-basement models.

  When we arrived at the test track, we already knew the ’03 Altima’s 245 horsepower would be tough to match, but there really wasn’t much of a contest. At 5.95 seconds to 60 mph, the Altima is the quickest front-drive production car we’ve ever tested. If that weren’t enough, its quarter-mile time (14.46 seconds at 98.6 mph) is also a record-setter and nearly tied a 350Z’s 14.02-second run. A few words of caution: When the Altima is at or near full throttle, the torque-steer effect is so severe you must be prepared to predict and compensate for its strong tendency to surge to the right. Conversely, stepping out of the throttle at speed produces an almost equally strong turn to the left. Once you’ve reached 60 mph in less than six seconds, you’ll be happy to find brakes that are capable of stopping in just 125 feet. Slaloming at an admirable 63.1 mph, the Altima feels far better than some other front-drive sedans, but not the other two in this test. While the big car will do what it’s asked, it’s not something that comes naturally to a car in which the driver feels slightly disconnected.

  2003 Volkswagen Jetta GLI

  Volkswagen introduced an all-new Jetta in ’99, and a steady flow of upgrades and variants has followed. There are 26 unique players on the ’03 Jetta team, when you factor in sedan or wagon, with your choice of five engines, an automatic or manual transmission, and GL, GLS, GLI, and GLX trim levels. Prices start at $17, 100 and top out at $27,515. Optional equipment becomes standard on various models this year, and what was once a non-U.S.-spec four-valve/cylinder V-6 (ours has been a two-valver) arrived on our shores in mid-2002, bringing 200 horsepower with it. Previously, one had to order the top-of-the-line Jetta GLX to get a smooth, torquey VR6 motor with its unusually tidy 15-degree bank angle and just 174 horsepower with a five-speed. The new GLI designation mates the European 2 00-horse engine (featuring a slick-shifting six-speed manual transmission) to a less-expensive, though not stripped-down, model.

  Our GLI tester (technically a late-’02 example) is further complemented by a long list of standard features, including six airbags, leather steering-wheel/shift knob/ handbrake, GLI-specific "bandchen-fabric," heated sport seats (the best in the test–leather is an $800 option), ABS plus ESP stability control, 17-inch Michelin all-season tires, and premium in-dash-CD eight-speaker sound system. Including the $550 destination charge, the low-ball price comes in at just $23,500 with the best overall warranty package.

  Extrapolating this feeling to include spirited passes through the mountains would be correct. "Trim, taut, and athletic" is how one editor described his turn behind the wheel. And while it didn’t set any overall records at the test track, the VW proved to be the quickest, most nimble, and best-stopping Jetta we’ve tested.

  What the Jetta gains in packaging and price, it gives up in size. Its wheelbase is almost a foot shorter than the Altima’s, and, as a result, rear-seat legroom and trunk volume are somewhat compromised. It’s still acceptable for four full-size adults, plus the standard split-fold rear seats reduce fears of a too-small trunk in a tight situation. Yet the tidy dimensions translate to a clean European look on the outside. With its monochromatic body paint, wingless trunklid, and the only hint of chrome found on the front and rear badging, the Jetta says more with less. VW drivers aren’t about gewgaws or trendy lighting. They’re more concerned with the German engineering, driving experience, safety, value, and not being mainstream.

  The Jetta’s interior is clean, attractive, comfortable, and cool. Its solid, substantial feel is attributable to class-leading build-quality demonstrated by perfect paint, tight gaps, and nary a squeak or rattle. All the buttons, wheels, and knobs are damped and complement that oh-so-German black-rubber dash pad and the fold-flat ventilation outlets. Indigo-blue and red instrumentation , with logically located switchgear, is now a common VW trait, but it still looks as good as it works. The trunk is impeccably finished, with a full-size spare and brushed-stainless-steel gas strut to boot. There’s a reason VW/Audi are often benchmarked for interior design–they’re that good.

  It’s on the highway that the Jetta’s smaller overall dimensions pay dividends. You can make U-turns where the others need a three-point turn, parking is a snap, and the lightest car of this test returns the best fuel economy. Every editor who had the opportunity to drive the Jetta, commented that, within the first block, he felt at home, as if it were his personal car. It just feels right. Of particular note, we discovered VW has addressed one of its lingering foibles: a rubbery shifter. The new six-speed has a marvelous immediacy and directness the company’ s five-speed lacks. It’s far better than anything we’ve recently experienced from VW.

  The Hail Mary

  When you’re down by three with the game on the line, it’s time to make a tough call: Who’s the Clutch Player?

  We’ve got one contender with commanding size and incredible speed, but he doesn’t fill us with confidence. The new guy from Mazda is good on his feet, quick, and does almost everything well. And the last one, the European kid, is smart, maneuverable, and comes from a long line of above-average players. Who gets the pass for the last shot?

  The general consensus here is that, although the Nissan Altima is obviously the fastest, largest, and most expensive, it isn’t particularly fun or predictable. It feels as if the car has been overinflated beyond its natural size and capabilities.

  The Volkswagen Jetta is the most communicative and sophisticated of the three, partly because of its diminutive size. It responds to commands, it tells you what it’s about to do, does it, and doesn’t complain. It seems to fit everybody’s driving style in and out of traffic. Problem is, another car does all this–and more.

  The ’03 Mazda 6s coalesces the Jetta’s driving predictability and enjoyment, nearly all the size benefits of the Altima, and tops it off with polished performance and a new look that’s unique and attractive. It’s priced competitively and has enough of the right moves to become Mazda’s most-valuable player.

  In this full-court showdown, the wide-open Mazda 6 wins the game.

  Natural Athlete

  It’s amazing how much car $23, 000 buys today. All three clutch players in our test represent the value end of the sport-sedan segment. The Altima is drop-dead gorgeous, roomy and powerful, but suffers from a harsh ride, notchy shifter, and plasticky interior bits. The all-new Mazda 6s sports a lively engine, more precise shifter, and impeccable road manners, but fails to excite despite overdone exterior details.

  The Jetta GLI, though the least expressive of our trio in the sheetmetal department (and least expensive), gets high marks for the way it drives. It feels like a four-wheeled extension of the driver’s will, so precise in its responses to input, so balanced and poised regardless of what the road throws at it, that driver and machine form this biomechanical bond. Inside, the Jetta is no style statement, but switchgear is arrayed intelligently, while shifter, steering wheel, and pedals move with synchronicity, and the seats support with absolute comfort. Compared to the Altima and Mazda 6, the Jetta feels trimmer and offers far less room and comfort for rear-seat passengers. But crank that 200-horse VR6, grab first gear, and the GLI becomes a virtual two-seat sports car on a dream drive. If thrown the keys to all three of these clutch players, the Jetta GLI is the one I’d be making time in.–Ron Sessions

Original title: "StarCraft Armor" replaces the rendering engine for improving the picture.

  

  [17173 Fresh Travel Express, focusing on quickly bringing new global travel information]

  Recently, Digital Extremes, the developer of StarCraft Armor, announced the replacement of the game’s rendering engine to upgrade the game’s new screen. According to the official introduction of the game developer, the new engine Enhanced can better provide dynamic light sources and shadows in the game. However, some people think that this upgrade screen seems to be in response to NVIDIA’s new DLSS technology. Interested players can watch the official announcement below!

  Official announcement of the game

  Enhanced is the perfect engine for our brand-new screen upgrade, which can help us better provide dynamic light sources and shadows in the game.

  Since the launch of Star Armor, the number of dynamic light sources we usually use per frame has been kept at a very low single digit. Players’ guns, skills … and everything else are calculated in advance and stored in textures and other contents: because the old engine has to render the whole map again for all places where dynamic light sources are needed. For example, in an outdoor environment, a plant and a fire of a gun will make the engine re-render the whole map! This will directly affect the CPU of the player, make the CPU do extra work, and eventually damage the CPU.

  Enhanced! This is the advantage of the new rendering engine, which presents the properties of the scene to the off-screen buffer. The cost of the dynamic light source used since then is also lower than that used before. For the shadow, it will hardly affect it. All the light sources and related contents are stored in the 3D lens texture and applied in a single use mode, and the loss cost also increases linearly in proportion to the content and object size on the screen, thus greatly reducing the loss of CPU and GPU.

  Show Me The Money! When players use a brand-new rendering engine, please remember that we will gradually phase out the old system and ensure that our new system can be better used on high-profile PCs, mainframes, toaster and thermostat. We will start a brand-new dynamic light source in various places, and you can see the brand-new scene effect improvement brought by it in many places-fuzzy shadows are replaced by real-time sun shadows!

  For more information about StarCraft Armor, please pay attention to 17173.

  [Editor: Kangkang]

  Editor in charge:

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