Monthly Archives: April 2023

Below is a list of currenry available plastic proproPing method:

　　

　　

　　

　　Rapid Prototyping — 3D Part Creation Directly from Cad Files. The Top Three Technologies Are FDM (Fused DEPOSITION MODELELING), SLA (STEREOLITHOGRAPHY), and SLS (SELECTIVEIVEININENININENININENERELELELELELELELARARARAAAAEAAOAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAationationationationationationationEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Ebhe111111111E1angangangangangangangangangangangangangangangangangangeet1E1E1E1E1E intoet his

Handmade/fabricated

CNC Machine

Casting – Polyurethane, Epoxy, or Silicone

Injecting Molding – Tempory Tooling

Vacuum Forming

Composites

Selecting the best option should be base on your requirers.

　　Purpose of prototype

Aesthetic Requirements

Lead time – turnaround time

Plastic ManuFacturing Process

Tolerances

Level of detail

Material Properties

Quantity of prototypes required

Size of parts

Cost

Degree of class/color

Parameters to be tested or Verify

Then, then

　　Hand fabricated or, in some cases, CNC Machined.

　　Unil the parts we molded.

　　

　　Will lead you to a different prototyping option.

　　

　　Like The One Shown Below Would Require The Follow Parts:

　　Single, Hollow Fine Build FDM or SLA PART for The Main Body

Red and Green Tinted Acrylic Window

Front bezel with holes

Inner Front Bezel Ring

Separat Blue Decorative Oval Ring

Elastomeric Blue Trim Around Display

BLACK PAINTED CLEAR Acrylic Insert for Display

Separate blue Button

Michael Paloian

　　CNC-Machined Ren Shape, FDM, and Hand-Fabricated Sheet.

　　Independent Prototyping Facilities Will Typically Convert 3D CAD FILES Into Parts Based on the Follow General Turn-Avand Times:

　　Process

Turn-eround time

Rapid prototyping

Two days to one week

Handmade/fabricated

ONE to Three Weeks

CNC Machine

ONE to TWO Weeks

Cast

Two Weeks to One Month

Injecting molding

ONE Week to One Month

Vacuum Forming

ONE to Three Weeks

Composites

ONE to Three Weeks

　　Although injection molding is the most popular plastic molding process, there are many other processes available for manufacturing plastic products. Most 3D rapid prototyping is optimized for injection-molded parts, since the tooling investment and part complexity are the most extreme for this process. Other processes like blow molding, vacuum forming, rotational molding, and extrusion are also specified for processing plastic parts. Each process has its own set of unique design criteria, choice of materials, and type of part geometry.

　　Blow-molded bottles, for example, are typically manufactured in polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or polypropylene (PP). Prototyping a PE blow-molded bottle in a 1-mm wall utilizing any of the rapid prototyping methods is not available today. However, a blow-molded PE bottle can be prototyped by creating an SLS or FDM blow mold and molding a few samples. There are several vendors offering this type of service. The same is true for other plastic molding processes, where the mold is either 3D printed or CNC machined, and a small quantity of parts are molded in the actual material. Prototyping plastic parts based on the actual material and molding process provides you with the most accurate representation of the final production part. Injection-molded prototype parts in the actual material will be almost identical to the production parts. They can be tested and evaluated based on the performance of the specified resin, molded-in stresses, as well as the part tolerances. Large structural foam molded parts are best suited for CNC fabrication or FDM, with a 70% to 80% part density. Since structural foam molded parts are typically large, you may be required to split them into smaller pieces that are printed and assembled into one larger piece.

　　+/- 0.007 in. SLS parts are like this of sla.

　　+/- 0.01 to as much as +/- 0.06 in. Depending on all the variables previously.

　　

　　Prototyping Method

Material

Equipment

Part features

3D Printing – Ratio Between Material Deposit and Feature

A BRIEF Review of Resolution and Accurate Replication of Design Features IS Provided Below for Each of the Prototyping Options.

　　Machines are theReface IDEAL for Resolutions No Greater than 100 Microns. Typical Extruder Bead Diameters Are 200 Micner or2 mm, Which Limits Details to This Resolution.

This process is preferred for product very fine defaled parts.

Selective Laser Sintering (SLS). Part Resolution Lies Somewhere Between FDM and SLA. Typical Layer Resolution is 75 Micner.

Level. This option is therefore at the bottom of the list for account for acclication of design features.

　　Michael Paloian

　　Example of a handmade prototype.

　　Michael Paloian

　　CNC Machined Prototypes.

Replicate Details As Fine as a FingerPrint, The High Labor Content inherent in this Process Typically Results in Very Incensisistenton.

　　Time.

　　With mounting features bonded to the rear size after molding. Parts Molded in the Processes typically do have done dyils.

　　The second part of this two-experience service, which has now ben public, covers the size remaining considations.

　　If you have any questions, please feel free to control me at 516-482-2181 or via email,.

　　About the author

　　Conferences. He has attributten Hundreds of Design-Related Articles for Many Publications. Molded Case PARTS Be reacked by 516/482-2181 or Via E-MAIL,.

So, there ’s a lot of information.

　　

　　so not only are molds excensive, they do’t toLeerate Material Change Well.

　　Inflow, and to suggest where pockets of gas may account and require a vent.

　　Overmolded onto the handle. It can be do done, but it gets excensive quickly.

　　only Beaten Out with Large, Simple, and Multi-Cavity Molds.

　　Beads are insanely abrasive, and the Surface of the Molds Actually Have to Undergo Surface Hardening in a Vacuum to Create Hardness to Withstand Shots.

　　of machining time.

　　Of the part surprisingly low. Lego Might Be Interesting, but the stream of inject molding with the weight savings of blow or rotary molding are true something.

　　Construction, and setup Counts.

　　In one shot, and the thing are massive.

　　There ’s a lot more to cover, but I’ m alream long winded. What you should know is that are various failure modes for inject molding. Some are:

　　Knit Lines

　　Short Shot (Shot Weight or Velocity was Insufficient to file the part)

　　Splay – Contamination -Cold Slugs (DisContinuities where inject material was inconsistent)

　　Sunbursting

　　Delamination – SHINISS -Stream

　　Also of Concern, What Material Do You Specify?

　　Virgin Material is crazy extensive, but the matelial propies will more closly conform the material support.

　　Regrind material (generally 10-20% is standard) reuses old Bad parts, finely group so they can be remelted. LOWER COST, but material propels may degrade.

　　Save Injection Molded Parts You A RECALL, Produce Better Parts, and decrease your overall count by eating into cycle time.

500-watt co2 laser mounted onto an oxyfuel cutting machine, the article stated: "Now, after all the year of promise, Lasers have become an acceptable metalWorkin Tool."

　　

　　Product-mix, low-volume job shop resembLE works of Art.

　　Still Needs to Trace the Part’s Profile.

　　

　　More Laser Blanking Line Started Production at Another Mercedes-Benz Plant in Ginning of This Year, and a Fourty Line is in Assembly Stage.

　　World. It’s a feat that the fabricator editors in 1974 Probably Couldn’t has been imagined.

　　Profiles are Joined by Laser Welding to Create a Single Blank that has proprored to the application.

　　by a coil-fed laser cutting system?

　　MADE that Concept a reality.

　　Then, then

　　

　　Still Needs to Be Leveled BeFore It Reaches the Laser Cutting Heads — But Removing the Blanking Die Does Mitigate a Fair Number of Technical Hurdles.

　　Pits, and a high baby for the overhead cranes required to change blanking display.

　　increasing number of very types.

　　Blank] Geometries. This has all to image,

　　BUILT DAIMLER’s Laser Blanking Lines.

　　TO 1.5 mm Thick. "

　　Into the laser cutting system.

　　The Laser Cutting Work ENVELOPE HAS Three Laser Cutting Heads, Each with A SepaaTe 4-KW IPG Fiber Laser Power Source.

　　Of the nest passing under it. And as part of a constinuously fed sheet, the nest is true "passing under" the laser.

　　

　　Cut itSelf. Schurer Calls This Synchronized Conveyor and Fume Extraction System "DynamicFlow Technology."

　　Mean much if the blacks had to be sorted manually.

　　

　　"We are doing this [at daimler] Becaue Robot Stacking Is n’t Fast Enough Blanking Die for the Application," HUNGER SAID.

　　From the strip.

　　

　　"Only minor dust that would be irrelevant for our following process steps.

　　

　　"To Reduce the Manual Cleaning of the Line, Each Conveyor Belt Can Be Equipped with a Brush Cleaning Unit," HUNGER ADDED.

　　According to hunger, Daimler ’s Lines are reaching overald effect effect (oees) levels beyond." We’ve Never Been ""

　　Are Optimized for Laser Blank Geometries Will Help Make Laser Blanking More Beneficial. "

　　–Enough to build a coil at a time.

　　

　　The robot as one unit.

　　Then, then

Then, then

　　

　　

　　Avancées Thérapeutiques Qui Pourraient Amélior Simultanément Les Traitements de Nombreuses Maladies.

　　Plusiers Maladies Neurodégénératives Sont Classées Comme Protéinopathies Lorsqu’elles Sont Associées UNE AGRégation de PriTéines Mal Repliées:

　　

La Protéine Tau: La Protéine Tau Hyperphosphorylée Est Le Composant Principal des Enchevêtrements neurofibrillaires dans la maladie d’lzheimer

La Protéine Brta-Amylo?de (Amylo?de Bêta): Le Composant Principal Des Plaques Seniles La Maladie d’lZheimer.

à des Agrégats dans les structures suivantes:

　　Le Cytosol (Maladie de Parkinson et la chorée de Huntington);

Le Noyau (Ataxie Spinocérébelleuses de Type 1 (SCA1));

le réticulum endoplasmique (er), (neuroserpine);

LES Protéines Excrétées Dans Le Milieu Extracellulaire (?-AMYLO?de Dans la Maladie d’lzheimer).

Chez Les Cellules Eucaryotes, Il Existe Deux Voies Principales Qui Permettent D’éliminer Les Proténess Ou Lesites Défectueux.

　　

,,

ROS Est University DE TOUTES LES MALADIES Neurodégénérators.

　　Réguration Du Pore de Transition de Perméabilité Mitochondriale. Ainsi, Il Est Probable Quit L’Altération de l’ensembell de Ces Fonctions Qui Conduit à la neurodénére organ

　　

　　La Mort Cellulaire Programe Est La Mort D’Une Cellule, Sous N’IMPORTE QULLE FORME, Médiée Par Un Program, CE PROCESS EST Activacy Est Activ.

　　deux voies de l’apoptose:

　　

‘Apoptose.

Cela Pourrait être Une Conséquence D’Défaut de l’Autophagie. Ceci RESTE UNE HYPOTHèse Et de Nouvelles Sont NécessAires Pour Le Confirmer.

　　La Nécrose Induite Par Des TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) de Celles Induites Par Un Traumatisme Non Spécifique (blessure Par Exemple).

　　Tous Ces Types de Mort Programe S’opposent à La Mort Dite Dite Accidentelle Qui Intervient Lésions Ou De Traumatismes Appelée Nécrose.

　　de Plusiers Maladies Neurodégénératives ET A Donné Lieu à des Résultats Contradictoires.

　　

　　

　　Article Principal: Maladie d’lzheimer

　　. Dans les pays développés, c’est l’ene des fal.Logies Les Plus Co?Teuses Pour La Société.

　　. La Destruction desvers see public jusqu’à la perte des fonctions autonomes et la mort.

　　ONT été Identifiés: Certaines anomalies génétiques, des facteurs de risque Cardio-Vasculaires Ou Encore L’Toxication Par Certiains Métaux Lourta Médicaments.

　　Article Principal: Maladie de Parkinson

　　5%) Qui se manifestent plus t?t, avant l’5 de 40 aNS.

　　SUR Le Plan Clinique, ELLE Se Manifeste Par UNE Bradykinésie, UNE Rigidité, Des Tremblements de Repos Qui Vont Constituer CE Qu’ON APPELLE LA TRIADE SYMPTOMIQUE OU Le SyNDROMEIME PARKINDROMEIME PARKINDROMEIME PR.

　　Fabriquer et libérer la dopamine, un neurotransmetteur indispensable au control des mouvements du corps, en particulier les mouvements automatiques.

　　Important.

　　Article Principal: Maladie de Huntington

　　la mort. Plusiers posteds de tracks sont en costing d’EXPérimentation.

　　La Maladie Se Développe Chez Desonnes agées en moyenne de 40 à 50 ANS. Plus Rarement, ELLE Se Manifeste Sous UNE PRécop AVEC L ’Applicion de Prempt?mes End?mes

　　

　　

Sympt?mes Psychiatriques (Très Grande Variété de Troubles Possibles: Anxiété, Dépression, Désinhibition, Agressivité, Agitation …).

Article Principal: Sclérose Latérale Amyotrophique

　　LES MUSCLES Respiatoires) Et de l’Extrémité céPhalique.

　　56 ANS EN MOYENNE).

　　Jusqu’en 2011, Plusieurs mécanismes étaientspectés expliquer l’otteinte spécifique des motoneUrone Sans Qu’AIT étététét éTabli.

　　UNE Déréguration Cellulaire de La Gestion Du Stress Oxydatif, Comme Le Montre L’Implication des Gènes Codant La Superoxyde Dismutase (SOD) Dans les Formes Famililes;

Un Phénomène d’EXCITO-TOXICITé: Soit Par Excès de Glutamate OU D’UNE Molécule Apparentée, Soit Par Des Mutations Modifiant Les Réceurs Au Glutamate;

UNE Dérégulation des mécanismes d’apoptose (Mort Programmée de la Cellule).

Article Principal: Atrophie Corticale Postérieure

　　LES CAUSES OU FAU FAURS De Risques de Cette Maladie Sont Inconus. Le Docteur Frank Benson A Décrit Première Fois CE Syndrome EN 1988.

　　Visuel.

　　

　　Le Plus Grand FACEUR de Risque Pour Les Maladies Neurodégénératives Est Le Vieillissement. Des Mutations de l’amitochondric et le

　　Beaucoup de Ces Maladies Sont d’ -apparitive tardive, CE quii signific que pour chaque maladie, des facteurs changent en fonction de la personne.

　　Un Facteur QUI RETE CONSTAS CACUNE de Ces Maladies Est Le Fait Que Les NEURESES PERDENT Progressivement Leur Fonction AU FUR ETE LA Progress La Maladie Avled

　　On Commence à Comprendre Les Mécanismes des Maladies neurodégénératoves, ET L’étude de Formes Génétiques nous Permet de SuVolution Sur DesimAux.

　　, Mais Qui N’ONT RIIIIID DONNE CHEZ L’HOMME.

　　l’accounting des peptides amylo?des. D’Autres, Comme des dérivés du bleu de méthylène, chercheng à lutre l’Agrégation des protes tau.

　　

　　

　　Cette Famille ET Commencé Un Essai D’Immunothérapie, Ciblant également La Protéine Bêta Amylo?de. La Molécule Testée Est University Anticorps Monolliconal (Crenezum)

　　Des Anticorps Dirigés Contre La Protéine Tau PHOSPHORYLée Sont également à L’ Essai, Ainsi Que des Vaccins Immunisant Cette Protéine (NOTAMENT Le Vaccin Aci-35).

　　3 Grands Axes de ReCherche Sont Actuellement en Court:

　　de développement: nouveaux médicaments, amélioration de la chirurgie, thérapie cellulaire, thérapie génique …

　　

　　dégénérescence desver.

　　

　　

　　. L’Utilisation last time molécules neuroProtectrices est activity à l’étude.

　　Amélioration des sympt?mes n’a été constitée. Des Progrès Rate à Faire dans CE Domaine.

　　, L’inSerm et le réseau ns-Park.

　　

　　INTERNATIONALES AFIN D’ugmenter Les CHANCES De Trouver Ces Marqueurs.

　　

　　Plusiers Pises SONT AUJOURD’HUI à l’étude:

　　Liquide CéPhalorachidien et l’Aévolution de la Maladie;

‘Atrophie de la moelle épinière, tandis que let-scan post-scan post lui Utiliser l’évolution de l’flammation comer marqueur prédictif.

CES études Sont ENCORE DU DOMAINE de La Reacche et Il N’existe Encore Aucun Biomarqueur Validé Permettant D’Envisager Utilisation en clinique.

　　Maladie. Ainsi, Chacun des mécanismes pathogènes décrits constitue unbrit Thérapeutique Potentielle.

　　OligonuCléotides antisens sont étudiés pour control la protéine mutante C9orf72.

　　

Then, then

　　

　　Applying New TECHNOLOGIES within Those Molds.

　　Compact Mold Designs and Optimized Cycle Times to Help Reduce the Energy Requirement Per PART. It has also Focused on TOOL Designs that support the user of recycLates.

　　Then, then

　　Processed Directly Without Being Pelletized. This Mold Also Applies FDU and MOULD MONITORING SYSTEM Technology.

　　Imaging Camera to Track Heat Distribution Across the Molded Part Post Molding.

　　

Particular part, theReface, Will Depending on the Materials, The Part Design and End-Use or Application. Read More by Clicing on "Part Design Criteria (2015)," Editor’s "" "Editor’s", "Editor’s", ""

　　

　　s picks "for an overview of mold types as well as materials and method using to make mold tools.

　　

　　

　　

　　Cure to enhance Chemical Crosslink Density.

　　sets off a crosslinking reaction. Uv Curing Requires Light-Permeable Resin and Reinforcements.

　　)..

　　, An Epoxy Designet for Aerospace Applications. Ooa Tooling Epoxies and Adhesives Also are coming to Market (SEE "AutoClave Quality The AutoClave?"

　　Open molding

　　Shapes, Open Molding Involves Either Hand Layup or A Semi-Automated Alternative, sprayup.

　　is a roller impringor, which pumps resin into a roller similar to a paint roller.

　　And removed from the type of typically reusable mold.

　　The laminate. Balsa or Foam Cores May Be Inserted Between The Laminate Layers in Either Process. Typical Glass Fiber Volume is 15% without 25% without Layup.

　　-Based Processes, Which Better Contain and Manage style.

　　. For more information, click on "Composites in Repair (2015)" Under "Editor’s Picks."

　　Resin Infusion Processes

　　

　　

　　RTM PRODUCES HIGH-QULITY PARTS Without the NECESSITY of An AutoClave. However, whered and demolded, a part demand for a high-testization usergourly

　　Most RTM Applications Use a Two-PART EPOXY FORMULATION. The Two PARTS Are Mixed Just before they are injectd. Bismaleimide and Polyimide Resins Ali Available In RTMFONLANLANLANLANFLANFLANTMFLINLANFLANFANALANFLONFOONFOONFOONFOONFOONFARESFLONFONALEONFSMULONFONALONFOONFOONALOONALOONALOOOOOOAROARAOAAAEAAAAAEAAEAAAAEAAAAEAsedAEAEAEEEEAEAE

　　

　　Several Days, Typical of Hand Layup, to Just Home & Mdash; or Even Minutes.

　　a moled loaded with a preform with a very fast care resin shows promise for high product.

　　Automated Controls Ensure Low Voids and Consistent Preform Reproduction, Without the Need for Trimming.

　　

　　Include Marine, Group Transportation and Infrastic Parts.

　　

　　And Structures for NASA & RSQUO; Space Launch System (SLS) Program USING EPOXY and BISMALEIMIDE (BMI) Resins and Similar Work with Benzoxazine Resins is Moving Apace.

　　And is drawn into the preform, resulting in uniform resin distribution, even with high-viscosition, toughened resins, becape of the short flow distribution.

　　High-Volume Molding Methods

　　Next Three to Five Days, ITS VISCOSITY Increases and the Sheet Becomes Leather-Like (About 25 Million CPS), Ideal For Handling.

　　24.5 to 172.4 Bar. As Material Viscosity Drops, The SMC Flows to Fill The Mold Cavity. After Cure, the Part is Demolded Manually or by Integral EjecTor Pins.

　　-Mold Processing with Near-Zero Voc Emissions and the Potential for Very High-Quality Surface Finish.

　　"POPS" During the Painting Process (Surface Craters Caused by Outgassing, The Release of Gasses Track in The MicroCracks During Cure).

　　

　　of Dimensional Stability Offered by A Specially-Formulated BMC Supplied by Tetradur Gmbh (Hamburg, Germany), A Subsidary of Bulk Molds Inc., West Chic, West Chic, West Chic

　　

　　the cavities, where the product cures under heat and presenture.

　　. Read More by Clicing on "Camisma & RSquo; S Car Seat Back: Hybrid Composite for High Volume," Under "Editor’s Picks," AT RIGHT)

　　Filament winding is a continuous fabrication method that can be highly automated and repeatable, with relatively low material costs. A long, cylindrical tool called a mandrel is suspended horizontally between end supports, while the “head” — the fiber application instrument — moves back and forth along the length of a rotating mandrel, placing fiber onto the tool in a predetermined configuration. Computer-controlled filament-winding machines are available, equipped with from 2 to 12 axes of motion.

　　In most thermoset applications, the filament winding apparatus passes the fiber material through a resin “bath” just before the material touches the mandrel. This is called wet winding. However, a variation uses towpreg, that is, continuous fiber pre-impregnated with resin . This eliminates the need for an onsite resin bath. In a slightly different process, fiber is wound without resin (dry winding). The dry shape is then used as a preform in another molding process, such as RTM.

　　Following oven or autoclave curing, the mandrel either remains in place to become part of the wound component or, typically, it is removed. One-piece cylindrical or tapered mandrels, usually of simple shape, are pulled out of the part with mandrel extraction equipment . Some mandrels, particularly in more complex parts, are made of soluble material and may be dissolved and washed out of the part. Others are collapsible or built from several parts that allow its disassembly and removal in smaller pieces. Filament-winding manufacturers often “ tweak” or slightly modify off-the-shelf resin to meet specific application requirements. Some composite Thermosetting mold manufacturers part manufacturers develop their own resin formulations.

　　

　　

　　-Tailored to fit spiecific applications.

　　. To Impart Bending Streangth to the Tube, TheReface, The Fibers Must be Continuously Reoriented by Repositioning the Pattern Pieces At Regular Intervals.

　　

　　Automated tape laying (ATL) is an even speedier automated process in which prepreg tape, rather than single tows, is laid down continuously to form parts. It is often used for parts with highly complex contours or angles. Tape layup is versatile, allowing breaks in the process and easy direction changes, and it can be adapted for both thermoset and thermoplastic materials. The head includes a spool or spools of tape, a winder, winder guides, a compaction shoe, a position sensor and a tape cutter or slitter. In either case, the head may be located on the end of a multiaxis articulating robot that moves around the tool or mandrel to which material is being applied, or the head may be located on a gantry suspended above the tool. Alternatively, the tool or mandrel can be moved or rotated to provide the head access to different sections of the tool. Tape or fiber is applied to a tool in courses, which consist of one row of material of any length at any angle. Multiple courses are usually applied together over an area or pattern and are defined and controlled by machine-control software that is programmed with numerical input derived from part design and analysis. Capital expenditures for computer-driven, automated equipment can be significant.

　　Although ATL generally is faster than AFP and can place more material over longer distances, AFP is better suited to shorter courses and can place material more effectively over contoured surfaces. These technologies grew out of the machine tool industry and have seen extensive use in the manufacture of the fuselage, wingskin panels, wingbox, tail and other structures on the forthcoming Boeing 787 Dreamliner and the Airbus A350 XWB. ATL and AFP also are used extensively to produce parts for the F-35 Lightning II fighter jet the V-22 Osprey tiltrotor troop transport and a variety of other aircraft. The latest equipment trend enables both AFP and ATL, switching between in a matter of minutes by swapping out dockable heads. Another development area is the pursuit of out of autoclave (OOA) primary CFRP aircraft structures via high-performance thermoplastics. Airbus (Toulouse, France) is working with both FIDA MC (Madrid, Spain) supported by MTorres (Navarra, Spain) and Technocampus EMC2 (Nantes, France) supported by Coriolis (Queven, France) to develop stringer- stiffened fuselage skin panels which are places and in situ cured via laser using automated machinery. FIDAMC and MTorres announced at JEC 2014 a CF/polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fuselage panel achieving 35-40% crystallinity in the matrix and a degree of consolidation (DOC) sufficient to require no further heat, vacuum bag or autoclave processing. Real-time temperature control is being integrated into the equipment. Materials have been supplied by Cytec Aerospace Materials (Woodland Park, NJ, US) and Toho Tenax (Wuppertal, Germany).

　　Centrifugal casting of pipe from 25 mm to 356 mm in diameter is an alternative to filament winding for high-performance, corrosion-resistant service. In cast pipe, 0°/90° woven fiberglass provides both longitudinal and hoop strength throughout the pipe wall and brings greater strength at equal wall thickness compared to multiaxial fiberglass wound pipe. In the casting process, epoxy or vinyl ester resin is injected into a 150G centrifugally spinning mold, permeating the woven fabric wrapped around the mold’s interior surface. The centrifugal force pushes the resin through the layers of fabric, creating a smooth finish on the outside of the pipe, and excess resin pumped into the mold creates a resin-rich, corrosion- and abrasion-resistant interior liner.

　　) Composites. These wood plastic composites, or wpcs, use to simulating wood decking, signing, window and door frames, and feencing.

　　Safety and Environmental Protection