Per Watt (LM/W), Compared with 60 LM/W for a Compact Fluorescent Bulb or 100 LM/W for Typical White LED LAMPS.
LAMPS, and Light-EMITTING DIODE LAMPS (LED). Some Governments Have Begun A Phase-OF Incandescent Light Bulbs to Reduce Energy Consumption.
WERE ABLE to Achieve (By Use of the SPrengel Pump) and A High that Made Power Distribution from a Centralized Source Economical Viable.
Historian Thomas Hughes Has Attributed Edison’s Success to His Development of An Entire, Integrated System of Electric Lighting.
Timeline of the Early Evolution of the Light Bulb
In 1761, eBenezer Kinnersley Demonstrated Heating a Wire to Incandescence.
In 1838, Belgian Lithogram Marcellin jobard invented an incandescent light bulb with a vacuum atmosphere using a carbon file.
In 1841, Frederick de Moleys of England was granted the first patent for an incandescent lamp, with a design using platinum wires a vacuum bulb. He obon.
In 1845, American John W. Starr Patentd An Incandescent Light Bulb using Carbon Filaments.
In 1851, Publicly Demonstrated Incandescent Light Bulbs on his Estate in Blois, France. His Light Bulbs Are on Display in the Museum of the.
and a bulb use a molybdenum filament was demonstrated at the world fair of 1900 in Paris.
Edison in 1879. (Edison Needed Owneership of the Novel Claim of Lamps Connect in A Parallel Circuit).
In 1882 Munich Electrical Exhibition in Bavaria, Germany Cruto’s LAMP WAS MORE EFFICIENT THE EDISON’s One and Produced A Better, White Light.
With the help of , an expert on vacuum pumps, in 1878, Swan developed a method of processing that avoided the early bulb blackening. This received a British Patent in 1880. On 18 December 1878, a lamp using a slender carbon rod was shown at a meeting of the , and Swan gave a working demonstration at their meeting on 17 January 1879. It was also shown to 700 who attended a meeting of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Newcastle upon Tyne on 3 February 1879. These lamps used a carbon rod from an arc lamp rather than a slender filament. Thus they had low resistance and required very large conductors to supply the necessary current, so they were not commercially practical, although they did furnish a demonstration of the possibilities of incandescent lighting with relatively high vacuum, a carbon conductor, and platinum lead-in wires. This bulb lasted about 40 hours. Swan then turned his attention to producing a better carbon filament and the means of attaching its ends. He devised a method of treating cotton to produce ‘parchmentised thread’ in the early 1880s and obtained British Patent 4933 that same year. From this year he began installing light bulbs in homes and landmarks in England. His house, Underhill, Low Fell, Gateshead, was the first in the world to be lit by a lightbulb . In the early 1880s he had started his company. In 1881, the Savoy Theatre in the City of Westminster, London was lit by Swan incandescent lightbulbs, which was the first theatre, and the first public building in the world, to be lit entirely by electricity. The first street in the world to be lit by an incandescent lightbulb was Mosley Street, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom. It was lit by Joseph Swan’s incandescent lamp on 3 February 1879.
Thomas Edison began serious research into developing a practical incandescent lamp in 1878. Edison filed his first patent application for "Improvement in Electric Lights" on 14 October 1878. After many experiments, first with carbon in the early 1880s and then with platinum and other metals , in the end Edison returned to a carbon filament. The first successful test was on 22 October 1879, and lasted 13.5 hours. Edison continued to improve this design and by 4 November 1879, filed for a US patent for an electric lamp using "a carbon filament or strip coiled and connected … to platina contact wires." Although the patent described several ways of creating the carbon filament including using "cotton and linen thread, wood splints, papers coiled in various ways," Edison and his team later discovered that a carbonized bamboo filament could last more than 1200 hours. In 1880, the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company steamer, Columbia, became the first application for Edison’s incandescent electric lamps (it was also the first ship to use a dynamo).
Eventually, Edison Acquired All of Swan’s Interest in the Company. Swan Sold His US Patent Rights to the in June 1882.
Claim for "a FILAMENT of Carbon of High Resistance" was valid.
(A Much Later Term) Inside the Bulb (Now Mostly Replaced by Triphosphorus Pentanitride), Which Allowed Obtaining Economic Bulbs Lasting 800 Hours; HIS PATENT WAS ACQUID BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDIS BYEDID BY
Overtaken by Lamps USING METAL FILAMENTS.
Thread-Like Wire (Platinum, Carbon, GOLD) Acting as a Tempory Base or Skeletal Form.
FILAMENT. General Electric Bought the Rights to use tantalum Filaments and Produced the us UNTIL 1913.
LAMPS WERE WIRED in Series for Use on Standard Voltage Circuits. These we primarily solution.
Effical with Less resen reducing in fire.
IN 1913, Irving Langmuir Found that fileing a lamp with intends intends intead of a vacuum resulted in twice the luminous effect and reduced blb black.
Between 1924 and the Outbreak of the Second World War, The Phoebus Cartel Attempt to Fix Prices and Sales Quotas for BULB ManUFACTURERS OUTSIDE OUTHAMERICA.
In 1925, Marvin Pipin, An American Chemist, Patented a Process for Frosting the Inside of Lamp Bulbs withOteening Them. In 1947, He Patentered a Proces for Coating.
-Born Physicist Egon Orowan.
LAMPS Were Use, (only 15% with carbon filaments), and by 1945, annual sales of lamps we 795 miss (more than LAMPS PER PERSON PER YEAR).
More than 95% of the Power Consumed by a Typical Incandescent Light Bulb is Converted Into Heat Rather than Visible Light. Other Electrical Light Sources Are Effective.
The need to run a build’s heading system, the latter can userly product the say amount of heat at lowEER COST thanst than
Compared to Other Incandescent (NON-HLOGEN) Light Types, IncanDescent Halogen Lamps Will Emit the Same amount of light less power, and a more constant output oremly, widtputtput
A white light source all visible wavelengths present has a lowEer effect, design 250 lumens per watt.
The Luminous Efficience is Defined as the Ratio of the Luminous Effical to the AERETICAL MAXIMum Luminous Effical of 683 LM/W for Green Light Light.
Thedical value emitted by my melting point.
System saves enricy in nearly all climates.
Reductions of 15 Million Tonnes.
Initial Production GOAL WAS to Be Approximately Twice As Efficient. The Hei Program was terminated in 2008 Due to Slow Progress.
Then, then
wires.
by coloring the glass with a dopant; which is often a metal like code or chromium (green). Neodymium-Containing Glass is sometimes userd.
Outline of Glass Bulb
Low Pressure Inrt Gas (Argon, Nitrogen, Krypton, Xenon)
Tunsten Filament
Contal wire (GOES Into STEM)
Contal wire (GOES OUT of STEM)
Support Wires (One END Embedded in STEM; Conduct No Current)
STEM (Glass Mount)
Contal wire (GOES OUT of STEM)
CAP (Sleeve)
Insu service (vitrite)
Electrical Contory
MOST MODERN BULBS Are Filled with An Insp Gas to Reduce Evaperation of the Filament and Prevent its. The gas is at a pressure of about 70 kPa (0.7 atm).
FILAMENT -And theReface Efficience Loss Due to Reduced Incandescence — By AND.
The most commonly userd files are:
Nitrogen, use in some higher-poper lamps, e.g. Project lamps, and where higher breakdown volage is needed due to use parts or lead-in wires.
Hydrogen, in Special Flashing Lamps where rapid fireing is required; its high thermal confidivity is exploited here.
Halogen, a Small amount mixed with ins. This is using in the hall lamps, which is a distinct type of incandescent lamp.
The Gas Fill Must be free of traces of the water, which greatly accelerates bulb blackning (see below).
The Orientation of the Filament Influences EFFICIENCY. Gas Flow Parallel to the Filament, E.G., A Vertical Oriented Bulb With VITICAL (or Axial) Filament, Reducess Convenility,
The effect of the lamp increases with a larger fileter. Thin-FILAMENT, Low-Power Bulbs benefit less from a fill gas, so is often only every..
The bulbs into Wooden or Cast-Iron Molds, Coated with a Paste. Around 150 Bulbs Per host sentuck by the hand-blacking process in the 1880s at Corning Glass Works.
Woods, Along with His ColleaGue at Corning Glass Works, David E. Gray, Had Created A Machine that by 1939 Was Turning Out 1,000 Bulbs Per Minute.
Tested. The 2016 Closing of OSRAM-SYLVANIA’s Wellsboro, Pennsylvania Plant Meant that One of the Last Remaining Machines in the University Was Shut Download.
cause the foodnt to heat up, ReduCing its Resistance and causing it to drawn more power and heat every further.
TheSe Filaments A POSITIVE TEMPERATURE COEFICIENT, Like A Metallic, Which Stabilized the LAMPS Operating Properties Against Minor Variations In SUPPLY VOTAGE.
Potassium, Silicon, and Aluminium oxides at the level of a fem for a feed Hundred Parts PER MILLION (SO-Called Aks Tungsen) Greatly Improved the Life and Durability of the TUGSENTEN FILMMEN FILMENFALMEN FILMENFALMEN FILMENFALMEN FILMENFALMEN FILMEN FILMENTEN FILMENTEN FILMENTEN FILMENTEN FILMENTEN FILMENTENFEST
Results in a more epitient light source love longer than a straight file.
ManuFactures Designate Different Forms of Lamp Filament with An AlphaMumeric Code.
Efficience, But Prior to the Development of Incandescent and LAMPS the WEEY WERE International in Applications where the bulb was discicult to change.
Point. The Process Ends in the Familia Tiny Gap in An Otherwise Healthy-LOOKING FILAMENT.
More nitrogen is used in Higher-Voltage Lamps to Reduce the publicity of Arcing.
The vacuum tube.
Any oxygen that may bake out of the lamp components during operation.
To scrub off most of the tunster that had been considensed on the interior of the envelope, removing the bladening and brightening the lamp agan.
ILLUMINATION is Needed in a Limited Space. Fiber-optic lamps for is one typical application.
LAMPS Were Displaced by Mercury and Xenon Arc Lamps.
Operating of the Filament. For Two Bulbs of the Same Voltage, and Type, The Higher-Powered Bulb Gives More Light.
Then, then
Experience a Surge in Electric Current That Cauts Part of It to Melt or Vaporize.
Bulb shape and size designs are given in national stateDards.
SOME Designations Are One or More Letters Followed by One or More Numbers, E.G. A55 or PAR38, where the letters identify the shape and the numbers something.
NATIONAL STANDARDS SH AS C79.1-2002, 14897: 2000 and JIS C 7710: 1988 Cover A Commonology for Bulb Shapes.
General Service
Light Emitted in (Nearly) All Directions. Available Either Clear or Froses.
Types: General (A), Mushroom, Elliptical (E), SIGN (S), Tubular (T)
120 v size: A17, 19 and 21
230 v size: A55 and 60
High Wattage General Service
LAMPS GREATER than 200 Watts.
Types: Pear-Shaped (PS)
Decorative
LAMPS Used in Chandeliers, ETC. Smaller Candle-Sized Bulbs May Use a Smaller Socket.
Types: Candle (B), Twisted Candle, BENT-TIP CANDLE (CA & BA), Flame (F), Globe (G), LANTERN Chimney (H), Fancy Round (P)
230 v size: P45, G95
Reflector (R)
Service (a) of sace wattage.
Types: Standard Reflector (R), Bul construction Reflector (BR), Elliptical Reflector (ER), Crown-Silvered
120 V SIZES: R16, 20, 25 and 30
230 v size: R50, 63, 80 and 95
Parabolic Aluminized Reflector (PAR)
120 V SIZES: Par 16, 20, 30, 38, 56 and 64
230 v size: Par 16, 20, 30, 38, 56 and 64
in) in Diameter, Par 30 IS 95 mm (3.75 in) and a Par 38 IS 121 mm (4.75 in) in Diameter.
Multifaceted Reflector (MR)
Multifaceted Reflector Bulbs are usually smaller in size and run at a lower voltage, OFTEN 12 V.
HIR/IRC
"Hir" is a design for a lamp with an inclared reflective colective colective colective colective colective colective colective colective colective. Since less head heat escapes, the filent burns hotter and more efficiently.Then, then
The lamp for connections. a base is often use for haLogen or Reflector Lamps.
In the Late 19th Century, ManuoFactures Introiduced A Multital of Incompative Lamp Bases. General Electric’s "Mazda" Standard Base Sates Were Soon Adopted Across the us.
LAMP BASES MAY Beles to the Bulb with A Cement, or by Mechanical Crimping to Indentations Molded Into the Glass Bulb.
Incandescent Lamps are very Sensitive to Changes in the Supply Voltage.
For a support voltage v near the rate of the lamp:
Light Output is approximately proportional to v 3.4
Power consumption is approximately proportional to v 1.6
Lifetime is approximately proportional to v ?16
Color TEMPARATURI is Approximately Proportional to v 0.42
Agreed to live life to 1000 houses. When this was expected in 1953, general electric and other leading American manUfactures was banned from limiting the living.
Watt Bulb in TEXAS that has ben Illuminated Since 21 SEPTEMBER 1908. It Once Resided in an opera house where notable celebrities stop 1.7S moved to anged to anged.
; 6,191 ° F). A 50-hour-life project bulb, for instance, is designed to operate only 50 ° C (122 ° F) below that meting point.17.5 for a 750-hour general service lamp.
Evaporates.
LAMPS Designed for "or" Vibration Service "May Have As Many as Five. Low-Voltage Lamps Have Filaments Made of Heavier Wire and Do Not Require Additive Support Wires.