This article describes a thermoelectric cooler (TEC) temperature controller designed for maintaining the temperature of a laser power diode (or other components) within 0.1°C.

　　For most electronics systems, accuracy is affected by variations in the ambient temperature. We can increase the accuracy by restricting the local temperature of crucial components to a narrow range. Appropriate applications for this approach include high-performance crystals, surface acoustic wave (SAW) filters, photon amplifiers, and laser diodes.

　　One way to stabilize component temperature is to enclose components in a fixed-temperature oven. To provide some margin for regulation, the chosen temperature should be higher than ambient under all conditions. This scheme is widely used, particularly in the design of extremely stable clocks such as oven controlled crystal oscillators (OCXOs).

　　The use of a high temperature has some drawbacks. First, the performance can be degraded slightly in several areas, including noise factor, speed and lifetime. Second, the regulator consumes power for heating even when the ambient temperature lies in the middle of its range. Twice as much power is needed when the amb ient temperature is at the lower end of its range. Third, the time required to reach a stable temperature can be fairly long, especially if the available electric power is limited.

　　ThermoElectric Cooler (TEC) technology is gaining favor because it lets you choose a regulated temperature value at the middle of the working temperature range. A TEC can operate either as a heat pump or as a heat generator, depending on the direction of current flow. Some systems use only the cooling property of TECs (examples are refrigerator units and the cooling of pow erful processors). Other applications employ both modes of heat flow (crystal oscillators and SAW filters). To alleviate the problems described earlier, temperature is often regulated in the middle of its working range.

　　The TEC temperature controller described here maintains a laser diode within 0.1°C. The operating conditions include an ambient temperature ranging fro m -5°C to 70°C, a laser diode operating through its entire power range, and a power supply of low value (3.3V) affected by ripple. Because the small package dimensions don’t allow much heat dissipation, power efficiency should be as high as possible.

　　Many applications are much less demanding, so the reader is free to modify and simplify this temperature regulator as required.

　　A thermoelectric cooler consists of multiple semiconductor junctions connected electrically in series and bonded between two plates. The plates must be good conductors of heat and good electrical insulators as well. Ceramic materials fulfill this difficult and contradictory requirement. One plate is t hermally connected to the ambient temperature, and the other is connected to the object whose temperature is to be regulated. Thanks to the Peltier Effect, a current through the junctions creates a temperature difference between the plates whose polarity and magnitude depend on polarity and magnitude of th e current. With respect to the ambient temperature, it then becomes possible to heat the object or cool it down. Today’s technology allows temperature differences as high as 84°C, and cascading arrangements can produce even higher differences (Figure 1).

　　Figure 1. Photo courtesy of Supercool, Sweden.

　　A negative temperature coefficient (NTC) resistor is a temperature-sensitive device whose resistance decreases as its temperature increases. Among the many types of NTC component available, those fabricated with the ceramic-powder process exhibit the largest resistance change in response to minute variations of temperature. More important ly, some ceramic NTCs offer 0.05°C stability over their lifetime, after proper aging. Compared with other temperature sensors, the size of ceramic NTCs can be surprisingly small.

　　Used in constant-temperature controllers, an NTC provides high sensitivity even when biased at today’s very low supply voltages (see Sensitivity of Ceramic NTC Sensors section) . The absolute error due to amplifier offset is close to 0.03°C for a 0.75mV offset, while error due to self heating of the NTC is 0.06°C in free air. (For sensors completely embedded in and enclosed by the material whose temperature i s to be measured, the error is only half as much.) Fortunately, we are not concerned with absolute temperature error, but only with variation of this error within the working temperature range. Such variation is commonly an order of magnitude smaller than the absolute error.

　　When subjected to heat flux, most systems (even small ones) exhibit an impressive delay before their temperature begins to stabilize. The time needed to attain 63.2% of a given temperature gradient is called th e thermal time constant, and it often ranges from 5 to 200 seconds. Thus, the time constants associated with temperature-regulator operation can seem very very long to an electronic engineer. The system discussed here has a thermal time constant of approximately 40s, which is slow indeed when compared with transients that are possible in the power supply voltage.

　　To enable a response to any variation of the power supply voltage, the design includes two parallel feedback paths (Figure 2) . One ceramic plate of the TEC is in close thermal contact with the object of interest (a laser diode in this case), and the other plate allows heat transfer to the external ambient temperature. This heat transfer should be as unimpeded as possible, and if necessary (when high power levels are encountered) it should be assisted with a blower. Because a certain level of continuous heat leakage is unavoidable, a corresponding amount of electric power is needed to compensate for the leakage at equilibrium.

　　Figure 2. Block diagram of Peltier controller.

　　To minimize error due to local drops in temperature, the point of temperature sensing should be as close as possible to the object (the small footprint of an NTC is very convenient for that purpose) . The measured temperature and the desired temperature are compared within a Wheatstone bridge. The amplifier (A) not only amplifies the error signal, but also provides the frequency phase and gain corrections necessary to stabilize the external closed loop. At any instant, it feeds the inner loop with the value of TEC current requested for attaining the proper temperature. This request is represented by a very slow signal , which can’t react to fast variations in the power supply voltage.

　　The inner loop regulates current into the TEC, and a switching regulator is mandatory to achieve the high-efficiency conversion that generates a minimum excess of heat. Because current ripple above 3% degrades the TEC’s cooling efficiency, a high switching frequency is recommended for easy filtering of the AC components. The higher the frequency, the smaller the passive components can be. Inner-loop bandwidth must be sufficient to allow a response to the ripple and power-supply transients that r esist normal filtering. The following discussion details each functional block of the controller.

　　H-bridge

　　The power stage must be able to feed the TEC with two polarities of current: one for cooling, the other for heating. For single-polarity power supplies, this goal is realized with an "H bridge." When voltages at each leg of the H-bridge are equal (approximately at mid-supply voltage), the bridge is balanced and no current can circulate into the TEC. This principle works for linear and switching H-bridges as well.

　　Figure 3 illustrates the structure of the PWM H-bridge. The left leg of the bridge consists of two n-channel MOSFETs driven by the complementary signal s DH and DL. To provide enough gate amplitude when the upper transistor is switched on, the DH signal is referenced to LX. DH at that time is approximately 3V higher than LX, which is switched to the 3.3V supply. Thus, the DH signal amplitude exceeds 6V in its high state.

　　Figure 3. Power H-bridge and TEC current sense.

　　The DL signal, which requires no such boosting, switches between 0V and 3.3V. Because MOSFETs in the right leg are driven in opposite phase with corresponding MOSFETs in the left leg, the DH signal now drives the lower transistor. The DL signal is not boosted to 6V, so there is no way to use an n-MOSFET as the upper left transistor. A p-channel transistor must be used, driven by the same DH signal as the lower transistor. To avoid any possibility of cross-conduction, the lower transistor (Si2306) is chosen for its high threshold (2.6V minimum), and the upper transistor (Si2305) needs at least 0.85V of gate drive to conduct. Thus, the two transistors cannot conduct simultaneously for supply voltages below 3.45V. The DH signal is boosted to 6V, so a high threshold for the lower transistor incurs no penalty.

　　The MOSFET transistors contain intrinsic diodes whose long recovery time can penalize the efficiency. To prevent conduction in those diodes, four Schottky diodes (D1-D4) have been added across the four MOSFETs. Small 0.5A packages are sufficient, because the Schottky diodes conduct only for brief intervals.

　　Each side of the H-bridge drives a lowpass filter, which consists of a 10μH inductor followed by a 10μF ceramic capacitor that feeds the TEC. A supplementary 10μF across the TEC eliminates the possibil ity of residual spikes in differential mode. It’s not necessary to oversize the inductors. Model CDRH6D28 by Sumida provides 10μH in a package 6.7mm sq uare and 3mm thick. A 20m shunt is inserted for measuring the TEC current. Rough filtering (7.5 and 1μF) provides a clean 20mV/A signal by eliminating a good part of the switching frequency ripple.

　　The signal is differentially amplified 32 times by the MAX4122 amplifier. This amplifier needs rail-to-rail input capability, because the input common-mode voltage ranges between ground and the supply voltage. An offset of 1.1V is added to allow a single-polarity power supply . The output then indicates 1.1V for the zero-current condition, and deviates to either side with a sensitivity of 635mV per ampere flowing into the TEC. Additional filtering eliminates the residual high-frequency ripple.

　　The PWM Controller

　　The heart of the regulator is the PWM controller (Figure 4). This circuit works very well at power-supply voltages as low as 3.15V, when associated with low-threshold external MOSFETs. The MAX1637, though not designed primarily for bi-directional current regulation, has been modified for that purpose. It provides two complementary signals DH and DL, which in this case switch at 200kHz. A 60nS dead time is automatically inserted to avoid cross-conduction between the external transistors, but the SKIP pin should be tied to VCC to ensure complementarity between DH and DL.

　　Figure 4. PWM controller and summation node.

　　The floating-gate driver output, DH, supplies enough voltage to saturate the n-channel upper-leg device. It is biased by the boost diode D5, which charges the 1μF reservoir capacitor (C1) whenever DL is active. The duty cycle doesn’t exceed 96%, so C1 is always charged. At the other extreme, the duty cycle can reach 0%. The circuit exploits this asymmetry by reserving the low-duty-cycle region for cooling, which demands the most power.

　　The MAX1637 is a current-mode controller able to sense current into the load, but it is not designed to accept the bi-directional currents present in this application. Accordingly, one disables this function by connecting pins CSL and CSH to the 1% internal reference REF. This reference is available as a convenience, especially when the voltage bridge is supplied by a more accurate source. For clean start-ups, the SHDN (shutdown) pin should be driven by an external source, or generated locally by a reset circuit such as the MAX6326XR31.

　　A MAX4250 precision amplifier performs the node-summation function. The MAX1637’s under- and over-voltage protection triggers if the FB input makes an excursion beyond the range of its normal working voltage. The voltage range is clipped by diode D6 and the resistive network driving the FB node. Ampli fier "B" introduces a compensation pole for the internal loop, and the 100nF capacitor insures that unity gain is attained well before the frequency at which the LC H-bridge filter introduces too much phase lag.

　　The Bridge Amplifier

　　This function is implemented by two precision amplifiers in series (two each MAX4250), configured in the inverting mode. One should resist the temptation of fitting these amplifiers in the same package, because they are likely to present high gain at high-frequency. They should be separated by a prudent distance to eliminate any possible coupling. (Lo wer-accuracy controllers can easily do this job with just one amplifier.)

　　Figure 5 gives an idea of the compensation network required in most cases. High-accuracy temperature regulators operate at high open-loop gain to insur e precision, but that condition may affect stability. A careful evaluation of each pole within the closed loop must include the worst-case variation of all paramet ers (component values, etc.) affecting the pole. The dominant pole in this case (caused by the thermal mass of the system) has a time constant of about 40s ±10s. The next highest pole is caused by the NTC sensor. An NTC time constant can range from 100ms to 3s, depending on the model.

　　Figure 5. Wheatstone bridge compensation and amplification.

　　Those two lowpass filter poles (dominant + NTC) are in series, and if not compensated will obviously compromise the closed-loop stability. The third important pole is associated with the time constant of the intri nsic loop, which should be as small as possible to obtain good supply-voltage rejection. Because the other following poles (due to the LC H-bridge filters and di fferential filters) are not much higher in frequency, it is wise to set unity gain for the external loop well under the third pole. An actual model can be even more complicated, because coupling can occur within the thermal head. Some coupling is inevitable because there is no way to isolate thermal blocks as we do with resistive electronic paths.

　　The above explains why it is wise to design for the most difficult case you can imagine, and then to simplify the design if possible. Some tips can be suggested. We notice that a fairly high value was chosen for R36, which ensures that the bridge is not loaded even at high frequency. Capacitor C32 ensures a welcome excess of gain at very low frequencies. Resistor R 38 is then chosen so the C32/R38 pole coincides with the 40-second thermal pole. To be effective, C32 must have very high insulation resistance at the highest operating temperature.

　　Metallized Polyester (PET) capacitors can provide time constants as high as 5000s at 20°C, but that value drops rapidly with increasing temperature. Polyethylene Naphtalate (PEN) is a better material at high temperatures. Obviously, severe precautions must be taken when designing the printed circuit for such high-impedance components. Provide large intervals between high-impedance tracks, and add insulation such as varnish to protect against possible condensation.

　　The bridge is supplied by an accurate reference voltage of 2.75V, which also biases all amplifiers in the system. The MAX6012 precision reference exhibits a temperature coefficient of 20ppm/ °C maximum. For every temperature error, the module output (1.1V nominal) demands some positive or negative current. The resistive divider R43/ R42 lets you protect the TEC by setting different maximum limits for the heating demand and the cooling demand. The minimum output voltage will be near zero (thanks to U4’s rail-to-rail capability), and the resistor values shown produce a maximum voltage around 2V. With a sensitivity of 635mV/A in the circuit, the maximum currents are 1.65A for cooling and 1.4A for heating.

　　Efficiency Results

　　The temperature controller is associated with an equivalent 1.5 TEC within an ultra-miniature module. The maximum heating and cooling currents are limi ted to 1.6A and 1.4A respectively, which corresponds to 3.84W of available cooling power. Severe compromises have been made to allow an acceptable efficiency within the tiny space avail able. Component heights should be no greater than 3.5mm. Copper thickness in the 8-layer printed circuit is only 17μm, which is fairly resistive. Moreover, component placements in obstructed areas force the use of long and lossy connections.

　　Despite these limitations, the circuit has respectable efficiency (Figure 6). The curves are blue for cooling, red for heating, and yellow for a linear controller. To account for electrical effects only, the measurements were made with an actual resistance of 1.71 instead of the TEC. We notice that switchmode (vs. linear) control provides much greater efficiency throughout the current range. As a result, the switching module is able to provide greater cooling or accept a more elevated ambient temperature for a given level of input power (similarly for heating).

　　Figure 6. Efficiency curves based on Figures 3, 4, and 5.

　　Power for cooling and heating is similar, but the cooling efficiency is somewhat better thanks to low RDSon in the p-channel MOSFET Q1 (Figure 2) . Between 0.8A and 1.6A the efficiencies are almost flat at 84%, which means the switching and biasing losses are low and have little effect in that region of current. At high-level currents, the controller’s equivalent output resistance (about 330m) is mostly due to the printed circuit and connectors.

　　Temperature Stability Results

　　The module was tested over the range -5°C to +70°C. Because the laser-diode wavelength is sensitive to temperature in a known and accurate manner, it was possible to verify stability for the diode temperature within ±0.1°C over the operating temperature range.

　　Optimization Tips

　　Printed circuit traces can account for a large portion of the loss at high current. If possible, use copper layers of 35μm thickness or greater. Also when possible, use multiple layers to create parallel tracks for the heavy current, and connect the sister-tracks with plenty of vias to reduce parasitic resistance. Use the same trick for ground planes, which can benefit from the use of all available layers in the unused areas.

　　The most sensitive circuit is the bridge amplifier. You should avoid common-mode voltage errors due to voltage drops in the ground plane. It’s easy to accumulate millivolt errors at high current levels: at 1.6A, the error should be below 2.7mV (0.1°C). Provide a large copper surface for cooling the MOSFET power transistors, because their RDSon increases very fast with temperature. If you can allow 4mm or more for inductor height, the Sumida CDRH6D38 (same footprint as CDRH6D28) can save about 50m of series resistance. Finally, use strong ferrite-bead filtering to eliminate reverse contamination of the input supply. Contrary to the behavior of a classic inductor, the dissipation (loss) in a bead is low at DC but conveniently increases with frequency.

　　The Wheatstone bridge is well adapted to constant-temperature controllers, because the system tries only to maintain a zero error (Vs) between the voltages of the two legs. There is almost no concern for linearity, gain accuracy, or supply-voltage (Ve) sensitivity, provided the error signal Vs is handled by an amplifier of high gain and high input impedance, whose offset is stable across the temperature range. To allow the use of bridge resistors with matching relative variations with temperature, the bridge-biasing voltage Vn is usually set near Ve/2.

　　Figure 7. Wheatstone bridge.

　　Although the "Steinhart-Hart" equation predicts NTC behavior with superior accuracy, the minute changes around a given temperature are more simply modelled by the beta (material constant, unit homogenous to °C) of a given NTC. Given that R0 is the resistance at a given reference temperature T0, the NTC resistance RT at temperature T can be deduced with acceptable accuracy from the equation RT = R0 exp[beta(1/T ? 1/T0)]. Taking its derivative, we obtain

　　dRT = R0 exp[beta (1/T ? 1/T0)] -beta dT/T2,

　　which leads to

　　dRT/RT = -beta dT/T2. (Equation 1)

　　A Wheatstone bridge operates near equilibrium, where

　　R30 = R31 = R1 and R32 RNTC = RT.

　　A slight change (dT) creates a change dRT of RT, creating Vs:

　　Vs = Ve -R1 dRT/(R1 + RT)2 (Wheatstone bridge Equation 2)

　　By incorporating equation 1 we get

　　Vs/dT = [beta/T2] Ve [R1 RT/(R1 + RT)2].

　　The last term can be recognized as equal to Vn(Ve-Vn)/Ve, so

　　Vs/dT = [beta/T2] Vn (Ve-Vn)/Ve. (sensitivity Equation 3)

　　The last equation shows that the Wheatstone bridge sensitivity is easy to deduce, once Ve and Vn are chosen along with the proper NTC. As an example, consider a bridge with an excitation voltage Ve of 2.75V. To eliminate long delays associated with the charging of integrating capacitors, Vn is chosen equal to the MAX1637 reference voltage (1.1V). An NTC thermistor of 10k at 25°C shows a beta of 3892°C at 35°C ambient (308°K) . We can therefore count on an input sensitivity of Vs/dT = 27mV/°C.

　　To guarantee 0.1°C stability, the electronics must exhibit offset variations much less than 2.7mV, which is easily attained with a high-performance amplifier. As an example, the MAX4250 absolute offset is guaranteed less than 0.75mV over the temperature range -40°C to +85°C. Temperature stability is related only to offset variation, which is typically 0.3μV/°C over the temperature range. This translates to a variation of ±10.5μV for ±35°C excursions of temperature, which corresponds to a typical error of ±0.004°C!

　　The error due to self-heating in the NTC is related to its dissipation constant (DC) . An NTC of 10k biased at 1.1V would dissipate about 0.12mW. With a typical DC of 2mW/°C (in free air) the self heating is 0.06°C. But again, temperature stability is of concern only if the applied voltage changes, which is not likely in this application.

　　A similar version of this article appeared in the August 2002 issue of Lightwave magazine.

　　Condition: mint

　　Type: HardShell Case

　　Country/Make: United States

　　Comments: ONE of the Finest Hardshell Cases Molded Case Parts Ferner Has Ever Molded Case Parts Offerd-Top Sheld Quality!

　　Temperature Range: While going with any kind of thermostat, checking its temperature range is quite important to ensure that you can set it to the temperature that you desire. Usually, you will find most attic fan thermostats to include a temperature range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit with a few models coming with a slightly better 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit range.

Maximum Current: You should also check the maximum current supported by your attic fan thermostat especially if you are using high performance attic fa ns. Most attic fan thermostats come with a maximum current rating of up to 10 amps which should be ample for most in terms of compatibility.

Humidistat: While not all attic fan thermostats may come with it, some models also offer an inbuilt humidistat. This simply allows your thermostat to power the ventilation fan of your attic depending on the humidity levels. For the same, you can find a range of 30% to 90% humidity and toggling the fan accordingly.

Even though these factors are quite important ones, there is still a lot to consider while going with attic fan thermostats. Hence, all the best attic fan thermostats given here have all their significant features and details well explained along with a complete “Buying Guide” for h elping you buy the best attic fan thermostat by the end of this listicle.

　　Ventamatic is quite a popular brand of high-performance ventilation fans and related accessories like its attic fan thermostats which can be a great versatile and high-performance pick for many.

　　The Ventamatic XXFIRESTAT attic fan thermostat comes at the 1st position of this list since it is one of the most versatile options present here. This is primarily possible thanks to its given temperature range of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit which is slightly higher than most others.

　　When combined with its maximum current rating of up to 10 amps, you can use this attic fan thermostat with most ventilation fans. Since Ventamatic is such a highly popular and reputable brand of attic fans and rela ted accessories, it does come with a 10-year warranty for your peace of mind.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 10 amps

Comes with a 10-year warranty

Pros:

　　Highly versatile attic fan thermostat with a large temperature range

Works with most high-performance ventilation fans

Quite great for long term usage with a long warranty

Cons:

　　Thermostat is a bit large in size

　　You can also consider Air Vent and its attic fan thermostats if you are looking for something versatile when it comes to adjusting your thermostats acc ording to the temperature that you are looking for.

　　Air Vent’s 58033 attic fan thermostat comes at the 2nd position of this listicle as this is a highly versatile option in terms of the temperature that you can choose for your attic fan. To be exact, it features a temperature range of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit which is slightly better than most other thermostats.

　　Unfortunately, the maximum current supported by this attic fan thermostat is a bit limited at up to 5 amps which can be slightly limited for some users. That being s aid, Air Vent has not compromised in terms of its longevity since you do get a decent 1-year warranty with it.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 5 amps

Comes with a 5-year warranty

Pros:

　　Quite a versatile attic fan thermostat with a high-temperature range

Decently long warranty for your peace of mind

Entry-level price tag for budget buyers

Cons:

　　Maximum current value is a bit low

　　Nutone is a fairly new brand of attic ventilation fans and related accessories like its attic fan thermostats which all happen to be great high-perform ance options to assure proper cooling for your attic.

　　This Nutone RFTH95 attic fan thermostat comes at the 3rd position of this article because this is a great high-performance option for many buyers. Star ting with its temperature range, it is rated for 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit adjustments using its small but versatile dial.

　　But the best thing about this attic fan thermostat is that it features a maximum current rating of up to 15 amps which is much higher than most others. Even though it is not the highest, its included 1-year warranty is still better than nothing.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 15 amps

Comes with a 1-year warranty

Pros:

　　Very high maximum current value

Decent and standard temperature range

Budget-friendly and affordable attic fan thermostat

Cons:

　　Temperature range adjustment dial is not the most accessible

　　Those of you who already have a ventilation fan installed in their attic might be using a Lomanco fan since it is highly popular and also offers an attic fan thermostat for its own ventilation fans.

　　Lomanco’s Thermo Ventilator attic fan thermostat is a directly compatible replacement for its own ventilation systems which come with a thermostat. As a result, you can expect a standard and pretty good temperature range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit with this thermostat.

　　Because this attic fan thermostat is specifically made for Lomanco’s own ventilation fan, its maximum current rating is given at up to 9 amps which is quite specific. Thankfully, a great benefit of going with a reputable brand like this is that you do get a 5-year warranty with it.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 9 amps

Comes with a 5-year warranty

Pros:

　　Works great along with Lomanco ventilation fans for attics

Quite good temperature range and power rating

Fairly long warranty for your peace of mind

Cons:

　　Not the most ideal option for other brands of ventilation fans

　　Ventamatic also happens to be offering much more reliable options when it comes to attic fan thermostats which not only offer great performance numbers but also happen to be great for long term usage.

　　This Ventamatic XXDUOSTAT attic fan thermostat is the most durable and reliable option given here which makes it perfect for long term usage. Other tha n being highly reliable, it also offers great performance numbers with a given temperature range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit. In fact, it even comes with an inbuilt humidistat which goes from 30% to 90% to set it as you prefer.

　　Similar to most other attic fan thermostats, this one also features a maximum current rating of up to 10 amps to ensure proper compatibility with most fans. But the best thing about this attic fa n thermostat is that since this is a premium offering, it comes backed by a lifetime warranty making it perfect for long term usage.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 10 amps

Comes with a lifetime warranty

Pros:

　　Excellent for long term usage with a long warranty

Works as a thermostat as well as a humidistat

Great performance numbers for high-performance attic fans

Cons:

　　Quite an expensive attic fan thermostat

　　Iliving also happens to be offering much more affordable options when it comes to attic fan thermostats that still offer decent performance numbers for using an attic ventilation fan.

　　The Iliving ILG-002T attic fan thermostat is much more affordable than the previous Iliving option given above since this one lacks a humidistat. Thank fully, Iliving has not made any other changes in this attic fan thermostat since you get the same temperature range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit.

　　You also get the same maximum current value of up to 10 amps with this attic fan thermostat for proper compatibility in terms of the fans that you can use. Just like the previous Iliving attic fan thermostat it also comes with a 1-year long warranty. Although, despite lacking a humidistat, it still uses the same enclosure resulting in a fairly large-sized form factor.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 10 amps

Comes with a 1-year warranty

Pros:

　　Budget-friendly attic fan thermostat with an entry-level price

Quite great performance numbers for the given price

Decent build quality with a standard warranty

Cons:

　　Slightly large in size and form factor

　　Quietcool is US-based company which provides a wide range of products related to fans and their accessories. Among their product range, attic fan thermostat model has made to our list because of its efficiency and performance.

　　It has the capability of 1,945 CFM on high at 108 watts which is adequate for most of the requirements. Compared to traditional attic fan, it can complete the task by consuming half amount of power, no power supply properly to attic fan thermostats.

　　This fan with thermostat comes with energy-efficient PSC motor which assures the performance. It is quite easy to install and comes with in-built mount ing tabs. It doesn’t need any wiring as it is a plug-n-play model.

　　Best Features:

　　Energy-efficient PSC motor

Runs at 2,000 CFM

Vent cover

Plug and play

Built-in mounting tabs

Senses the temperature automatically

Pros:

　　Fire safety sense shut-off

Easy to install

Quiet operation

Rubber pads

Cons:

　　Quality could have been better

　　iPower is another new and a fairly small brand when you are talking about attic fans and their related accessories like its attic fan thermostat which can be a great budget-friendly option for many.

　　This iPower attic fan thermostat is one of the best affordable and entry-level options out there since despite its lower price tag, it happens to be a great versatile option. To be exact, you get a temperature range of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit with it which is on par with much more premium options.

　　Not only that but just like more premium attic fan thermostats, this one also supports a maximum current rating of up to 10 amps. However, while you do get a decent 1-year warranty with it, its build quality is a bit on the average side.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 10 amps

Comes with a 1-year warranty

Pros:

　　High value for money with an entry-level price tag

Quite a versatile thermostat with a high-temperature range

Supports most high-performance ventilation fans

Cons:

　　Build quality could have been better

　　Iliving is a highly popular brand of home appliances and their related accessories like its attic fan thermostat given here which is quite unique and highly versatile for most users.

　　The Iliving ILG-001TH attic fan thermostat is one of the only options out there which not only allows you to set a temperature for your attic ventilati on fan, but you can even set a humidity setting thanks to an inbuilt humidistat. While the thermostat offers a range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit, the humidistat offers a range of 30% to 90%.

　　To ensure that you can power most attic ventilation fans with this thermostat, Iliving has included a pretty good maximum current rating of up to 10 amps. Even though this attic fan thermostat has a decent 1-year warranty, it could have been certainly longer at the given price tag.

　　Best Features:

　　Rated temperature of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit

Supports a maximum current of up to 10 amps

Comes with a 1-year warranty

Pros:

　　Features an inbuilt humidistat along with the thermostat

Pretty great performance numbers for most users

Quite good build quality for durability

Cons:

　　Not a budget-friendly attic fan thermostat

　　If you have an attic in your home, then keeping it cool is quite important to ensure your entire home stays cool during the summers. And while you can keep your attic fan running at all times, that is not the most efficient option.

　　Instead, you can go with something like the best attic fan thermostats given above to toggle your attic fan based on the current attic temperature. With these best attic fan thermostats, we have also discussed their major features and factors. But if you wish to know, even more, consider checking out this detailed buying guide for the best attic fan thermostats:

　　Before buying any kind of thermostat for your home including an attic fan thermostat, you should first check its temperature range. This simply tells you about the temperature values that you can choose for your attic fan to either turn on or turn off.

　　Keeping the requirements of most users in mind, almost all attic fan thermostats come with a temperature range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit. Although, if you want a slightly more versatile attic fan thermostat, then you can also find a temperature range of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit in some cases.

　　Irrespective of the temperature range your attic fan thermostat offers, making sure that it supports a high maximum current rating is quite important. This is to ensure that your attic fan thermostat can handle the load of your attic ventilation fan even if it is a high-performance one. Usually, most attic fan thermostats will offer a maximum current value of up to 10 amps with some models offering slightly lower or higher values. But for most users and the attic fans that they are using, a maximum current value of up to 10 amps will be enough.

　　Some of you would also want your attic fan to turn on or turn off depending on the current humidity in your attic. In that case, you can go with an attic fan thermostat which also comes with an inbuilt humidistat. This allows you to set a specific humidity value at which your at tic ventilation fan gets toggled. Similar to the temperature setting, the humidistat of your attic fan thermostat also comes with a humidity range like 30% to 90% where you can choose any value of your choice.

　　Just like the attic ventilation fan that you are using, you would also want your attic fan thermostat to stay functional for as long as possible once you have installed it. To ensure the same, checking the included warranty is always a great idea while choosing the right attic fan thermostat for you. While most attic fan thermostats come wit h either a 1-year long warranty or a 5-year long one, some models may offer a 10-year long warranty or even a lifetime warranty for your peace of mind and much better longevity.

　　As you can guess by the name, an attic fan thermostat simply turns on or turns off the fan in your attic depending on the current attic temperature. Such a thermostat not only ensu res that your attic stays cool but also saves electricity when a ventilation fan is not needed.

　　Thus, we have already discussed the best attic fan thermostats earlier in this listicle along with all their important features and specifications. While th ere is also an extensive buying guide related to attic fan thermostats given up above, some of you might be still confused. In that case, consider checking out some of our ideal picks for the best attic fan thermostats as given here:

　　When compared with most other attic fan thermostats, the Nutone Attic Fan Thermostats is the perfect option for high-performance ventilation fans. This is due to the reason that other offering a decent 1-year warranty, you get an excellent maximum current rating of up to 15 amps making it perfect for heavy-duty fans. You also get a standard and decent temperature rang e of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit with this thermostat.

Speaking of the temperature range offered by a given attic fan thermostat, the Ventamatic Attic Fan Thermostats is one of the most versatile options thanks to its given temperature range of 50 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit. This is combined with a standard maximum current rating of 10 amps. And thanks to its 10-year warranty, it is also quite great for long term usage.

But if you want a much more reliable and durable attic fan thermostat, then you can go with the Ventamatic XXDUO Attic Fan Thermostats temperature since this one comes with a lifetime warranty. You also expect decent perfo rmance and versatility from this attic fan thermostat thanks to its given temperature range of 60 degree to 120 degree Fahrenheit and a maximum current rating of up to 10 amps to support most fan models with ease.

　　PROBLEM, there is another gate to be opened in places where plastic cannot run … this phenomenon is still commit today in Taiwan.

　　Sides of mold well is slower than center, which is caused by friend in opposite diary.

　　In fact, injecting filling pHase, it can still be subdivided into two parts:

　　1. Flow: Plastic Flows Out of Nozzle and is InjeCted Into Cavity Through Main Runner to Runner and Gate.

　　With HOLES; ManPower and Time WASTED BY Intermediation Process is Hard to Estimate! And our hope is to get a good product with a tryout.

　　Better Product.

　　If you can res reduce this part of time loss, it will give inCrease Productivity.

　　COOLING MeChanism is Mainly:

　　1. Metal Template Heat Conduction.

　　2. ConVection and Very Small Amounts of Radiation Are Scatter Into Atmosphere.

　　Wall of Metal Mold During Laminar Flowar Flow and Turburent Flow. As can be seen from left food that mold wall temporary is higher during laminar flow, white is a poor design method.

　　The Slowest Speed, Which Also Caues A Large Shrinkage and Warpage of Finished Product.

　　at anner two corners, it is suitable to add two Small Tubes to the Achieve University Cooling.

　　Arrangement of Water Flow has two basic types: Series and Parallel. HowEver Since Flow in Parallel Mode Is Dispersed, Efficience Is Reduced, Series is Generally used.

　　For some long and defaas, where water pipe can be processed, pipe or backle (bubbler & buffle) is userd to increase constaling efficience.

　　The Latest Coolules take into account detailed mechanisms such as parting Surfaces, Inserts, and Mold Base Sizes.

　　BEFORE Applying Cooling Analysis, Some Basic Physical Terms Should Be Understood First:

　　° C, then Calorific Value of Other Substances, Ratio of Other Substances to Water is Called Specific Heat, Which Shows that Energy Required to RAM of Celsius by 1 ℃.

　　Heat Capacity CP (Heat CaPacity) [CAL / CM ^ 3 ℃] = Specific Gravity ρ, [g / cm ^ 3] x spiecific head [call / g ℃], this file indicatehead capacity is different, and temporarative is different.

　　/℃], Which Indicates Ability of a Material to Conduct Heat. A Substance with A Large Thermal Conductivity Absorbs Heat and DISSIPATES Heat Quickly.

　　, Thermal Properties of Water and Plastic, Mold Steel Are:

　　RATIO of thermal Diffusivity, Iron and Plastic is about is 0.517/0.0003 = 172, which is 172 Times Different.

　　1. Region to region: Plane position is different.

　　2. Through Thickness: Different Thickness Positions.

　　3. Directionality: Parallel/Vertical Molecular Direction

　　Factors That Basically Affect Contraction Are:

　　1. Free Volume Shrinkage: This is Data from P-V-T Experimental Measurement.

　　2. Crystallinity: Material Undergoes Phase Change During Crystallization Process, And Material with High Crystallinity Shrinks More.

　　3. MOLD LIMITATATAN: if mold want is free from plastic shrinkage, shrinkage will be small.

　　4. Molecular Alignment: Directionality Produted During Flow Process. If Not Released, Will Have Different Shrinkage Vallel to Main Alignment and Vertering OFCICALALALLALLALLALALLORALALARLORALALARARLARAORARARARAARARAARAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEUAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAE caseAA case case caseAAAA caseAOAAAAAAAAAAAEAsAAEEEAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEAAEEEEEEEEE hisE his his his his case case case case caseEEEE case case case case case case caseEE caseEctctEEE highEEE

　　In order to control warpage, we must firstmitnds,

　　Main factors that suummarize warping can be divled into three categories:

　　Varies with Thickness or Location, Depending on Pressure Holding Efficience.

　　The Image; If Contraction of Vertical Direction is Greater than Radial Direction, then Bell-Shaped Warp in the Figure Occurs.

　　Shrinkage Analysis -Read Flow and Cooling Analysis Results, Match Physical Properties of Material to Calculating FINISHED PRODUCT:

　　a. Shrinkage in all directions

　　b. Molecular Alignment (Orientation)

　　c. Area Shrinkage Rate

　　d. Volume shrinkage

　　e. Perform univarate analysis

　　SIMULATE POSSIBLE Warped Shapes

　　Diagnose to find cause of warpage ·

　　Logical Judgment, Providing Solutions

　　Reduce Warpage of Finished Product with Optimal Filling, Pressure Keeping, COOLING and Other Operation Conditions

　　Reduce WarPage by Changing Thickness of Material and Reinforcing IT

　　Calculated by Different Numerical Solutions (Large Displacement Deformation).

　　Then, then

　　Bend Analysis: Should Be Judged as Linear or Nonlinear

　　Small Displacement Analysis: Calculating Linear Deformation

　　Large Displacement thermoplastic Injection Molds Analysis: Calculating Nonlinear Thermoplastic Injection Molds Deformation